RAJIV
GANDHI PROUDHYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
M.
Pharm II Semester
MPY
201PBT - PHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS OF MICROBIAL AND CELLULAR
BIOLOGY
1. Bacteria,
Fungi and Viruses :
Structure, Chemistry and
Morphology, Cultural, Physiological and Reproductive
features, Method of isolation.
Cultivation and Maintenance, Nomenclature :
Microbial taxonomy , new approach
to taxonomy – comparision of bacterial
genotypes by genetic analysis.
General classification, Molecular and Genotypic
taxonomy. Industrial important
micro organisms including Actinomycetes with
examples and uses. Application in
fermentation industries.
2. Basic aspects
of cell regulation :
Nutrition of micro-organism:
substrate entry and translocation. Growth and death of
micro-organism, Bioenergetics and
metabolism: biochemical mechanisms of
Secondari metabolism and its
applicationbs in fermentation industry.
3. Microbial
Genetics :
Genetic organization of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; mutagenesis and repair
mechanisms; types of mutants;
application of mutagenesis in strain
improvement;Mechanisms of
antibiotic resistance and role of plasmids and
actinophages – types,
purification, transfer and applications.
Transformation, Conjugation,
Transduction, mutation and Iysogeny.
4. Nucleic
acids, the genetic code and protein synthesis :
Synthesis of DNA- polymerization
of nucleotdes into DNA-Basic chemical structure,
replication and its role in
protein Synthesis. of proteins – the roles of RNA in
Translation (mRNA, and rRNA).
5. Manipulating
cells in culture :
Growth of micro organisms in
culture pertaining to Bacteria; Principles of microbial
nutrition; physical and chemical
environment for microbial growth; Batch, continuous
and synchronous cultures;
Stability and degeneration of microbial cultures.
Growth of animal cells in
culture; General procedures for cell culture; nutrient
composition ; primary established
and transformed cell cultures; applications of cell
culture in Pharmaceutical
industry and research.
Growth of Viruses in culture;
Propagation and enumeration; applications of above
techniques for antiviral
screening.
6. Microbial
Pathology and chemotherapy :
Identifying features of
pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi, mechanism of
microbial pathogenecity, etiology
and pathology of common microbial diseases,
currently recommended therapies
for common bacterial, fungal and viral infection,
mechanism of action of anti-
microbial and possible sites for chemotherapy.
REFERENCES
1. General Microbiology : R.Y.
Stanier.
2. Essential and applications of microbiology
: Judy Kandal.
3. Microbiology: Pelczar, Reid
and Chan.
4. Genetics of Antibiotic
producing Micro-organisms : G. Sermonti.
5. Microbial Genetics: David
Freifelder.
6. Topley & Wilson : Volumes
I to IV.
7. Genes V and VI : Lewin
Benjamin.
8. Virology : Fields.
9. Animal cell culture : Ian
Freshney.
10. Immunology : Weir.
11. immunology : Ivan Roitt.
Johnathan Bronstoff, David Male.
12. Medical Microbiology : Mackie
and McCantney.
13. The Actinomycetes : Waksman
SA.
MPY
202 PBT - BIOPROCESS TECNOLOGY
1. Fermentation
technology :
Basic principles in fermentation.
Rhelogical properties of fermentation systems
and their
importance in bioprocessing.
Isolation, Screening
techniques : - primary and secondry screening.
Application of industrially important
microbes – primary and secondary screening
maintenance of stock cultures,
strain improvement for increased yield.
Fermentation
kinetics: Reaction kinetics: Michaelis Menten constant and
monod equation –
derivations for biomass estimation; Lineweaver-Burke
plot.
Scale up of fermentation process:
Principles, theoretical considerations and
techniques used; fermentation
media, HTST sterilization- advantage and
disadvantages, liquid
sterilization techniques; Thermal death kinetics.
Computer control
of fermentation processes:System configuration and
applications.
Optimization of fermentation parameters.
2. Cultivation
system and Bioreactors :
Cultivation systems- closed
semi-open and open systems; graphical plots
representing the above systems;
use of immobilized culture systems to prepare
fine chemicals.
Detailed stude of the design and
operation of bioreactor, ancilliary parts and
functions; impeller design &
agitation power requirements; on-line measurement
and control of dissolved oxygen,
carbon di-oxide, temperature, pH and foam.
Types of reactors- CSTR, tower,
air-lift, bubble- column, packed bed, hollow
fibre-configuration and
applications.
3. Mass transfer
and downstream processing :
Theory, diffusional resistance to
oxygen transfer, oxygen requirements of
microorganism, measurement of
mass transfer coefficient and factors affecting
them; effects of aeration and
agitation on mass transfer, supply of air, air
compressing , cleaning and
sterilization of air , air sampling and testing standards
for air purity.
Downstream processing: Theory,
equipment design and operation, methods,
filtration, solvent extraction,
chromatographic separation, crystallization, turbidity
analysis and cell yield
determination metabolic response assay, enzymatic assay,
bioautography, techniques for
disruption of cells for product recovery.
4. Bioprocessing
of the following industrially important microbial
metabolites :
Organic solvent : alcohol,
butanol; Organic acids : Citric acid and lactic acid,
Antibiotics : Penicillin,
Streptomycin, Griseofulvin Cephalosporins,
Amphotericin B, Rifampicin,
Mitomycin – C. Vitamins: Vit. B12 and Riboflavin.
Aminoacids: glutamic acid and
Lysine. Nucleotides : Cyclic AMP & GMP.
Biosynthetic pathways for some
secondary metabolites, microbial transformation
of steroids and alkaloids.
REFERENCES
01. Industrial Microbiology: L.E.
Casida.
02. Industrial Microbiology: B.M.
Miller and W. Litsky.
03. Microbial Technology Vois I
& II : H. Peppler.
04. Industrial Biotechnology :
Vedpal S Malik and Padma Sridhar.
05. Biochemistry of Industrial
Microorganisms, C Rainbow and AH Rose.
06. Biochemical Engineering :
F.C. Webb.
07. Biochemical Engineering : R.
Steel .
08. Biochemical Engineering
Fundamentals: balley and Ollis
09. Current protocols in
molecular biology, Vols I & II : F.M Asubel, John wiley
Publisers.
10. Biotechnology of antibiotics
and other bioactive microbial metabolites :
Gianeario Lancini and Rolando
Lorenzetti.
11. Biological reaction
engineering : IJ Dunn, E. Heinzle, J Ingham, J.E. Prenosil.
12. Bioreactor design and product
yield: Butterworth an Heinemann.
13. Enzyme assays – a practical
approach : Robert Eisenthal and Michael j
Danson.
14. Fermentation an biochemical
engineering handbook : Henry C Vogel.
MPY
203 PBT - ADVANCES IN PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Enzyme Technology :
Classification, general
properties of enzymes, dynamics of enzymatic activity,
sources of enzymes, extraction
purification: Applications pharmaceutical,
therapeutic and clinical.
Techniques of immobilization of
enzymes and their applications in the industry .
Reactors for immobilized systems
and perspective of enzyme endgineering.
2. Plant and Animal
Biotechnology :
Plant tissue
culture: phytochemicals from plant cell culture , mutagenesis
technique in
plant tissue culture.
Genetic engineering : Techniques
of gene manipulation, cloning strategies,
procedures, cloning vectors,
expression vectors, recombinant selection and
screening, expression in E.coli
and yeast.
Site directed mutagenesis,
Polymerase chain reaction, and analysis of DNA
sequences.brief study on
instrumentation aspect of Gel documentation system and
PCR.
Gene library and cDNA.
Applicatons of the above
techniques in the production of
i) regulatory proteins interferon,
interleukins etc.
ii) Blood products –
Erythropoitin.etc.
iii) Vaccines – Hepatitis- B,
iv) Hormones – Insulin.
Study on controlled and site
specified delivery of therapeutic peptides and
proteins through various routes
of administration.
Production of useful proteins in
transgenic animals and gene therapy. Signal
transduction, oncogenes and their
proteins. The human genome products and stem
cell research-a brief study.
3. Immuno
Biotechnology :
Hybridoma technology – fusion
methods for myeloma cells and Blymphocytes,
selection and screening
techniques. Production and purification of monoclonal
antibodies and their application
in clinical diagnosis, immunotherapy and
pharmaceutical research.
Current
developments in immunotechnology diagnostic kits for identifying
infectious
diseases.
Vaccinology – Immunopotentiation,
adjuvants, living and non-living antigen,
newer delivery systems and naked
DNA vaccines. New and improved vaccines
against Hepatitis – A, Malaria,
typhoid, experimental HIV-1 vaccines.
4. Microbial
biotechnology :
Biotransformation for the
synthesis of chiral drugs and sterols. Biodegradation of
xenobiotics, chemical and
industrial wastes. Production of single – cell protein.
5. Regulatory
aspects:
Regulations governing the
manufacturing of biological products.
Introduction to patent and secret
process
REFERENCES
1. Biotechnology- The biological
principles: MD Trevan, S Boffey, KH
Goulding and P. Stanbury.
2. Immobilisation of cells and
enzymes:Hosevear Kennady Cabral & Bicker
staff.
3. Principles of Gene
Manipulating: RW Old and S.B.Primrose.
4. Molecular Cell Biology:Harvey
Lodish, David Baltimore, Arnold Berk, S
Lawrence Zipursky, Paul
Matsudaira, James Darnell.
5. Therapeutic Peptides and
proteins; formulation, processing and delivery
systems: Ajay K Banga.
6. Modern Biotechnology :
S.B.Primrose.
7. Industrial Biotechnology:
Vedpal S malik and padma Sridhar.
8. Immunology: Ivan Roitt,
Jonathan Brostoff and David Male.
9. Gene transfer and expression
protocols-methods in Molecular Biology,
Vol. VII, Edit E.T.Murray.
10. Current protocols in
Molecular Biology, vol. I & II : F.M. Asubel, John
Wiley Publishers.
11. Current protocols in cellular
Biology, Vol. I & II, John Wiley Publishers.
12. Cell Biology, VOl. I, II
& III Edited by Julio E Celis.
MPY
204 PBT - MEDICINAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Structural
and molecular organization of Plant Cell. Method of
Improving
quality of crops & their application.
a) Plant Breeding.
b) Chemodemes.
c) Hybridization.
d) Mutation.
e) Polyploidy.
1. Plant Tissue
Culture
Types, Techniques &
Application of Callus, Suspension, Haploid,
Embryo, organ and Immobilized
Culture. Organogenesis, Embryogenesis,
Synthetic seed & Somaclonal
variation. Micropropagation. Production of
Secondary metabolites-Strategies
involving use of Precursor, Growth
regulators &
Elicitorrs:Production of Shikonin. Hairy Root Culture &
Multiple Shoot Culture &
their Applications. Protoplast culture &
Protoplast fusion.
Biotransformation.
2. Germplasm
Conservation .
IN-situ Conservation. In
Vitro methods of Conservation.
3. Genae
transfer in Plants.
(i) Using vectors of
Agarbacterium.
(ii) DNA Mediated
gene transfer-Elcetroporation, Microprojectile, macro &
Microinjection, Ultrasonication
& Chemical mediated gene transfer.
Localization of transferred gene
in genetically modified plants:
* Nucleic acid Hybridization.
*Use of Radioisotopes & Molecular
markers.
*Auto Radiography.
* Electrophoresis.
4. Application
of Transgenic Plants.
Resistance of herbicide.
Resistance to insect, fungas & virus. Resistance to
physiological stress. Production
of Phytopharmaceuticals. Edible vaccine.
5. Gene Mapping
& Molecular Maps of Plant Genomes.
* Plant Chromosome Analysis.
* Uses of PCR in gene mapping.
* Molecular Maps- RFLP, RAPD.
* Physical maps using in –situ
hybridization.
* Immobilization of enzymes & its
applications.
* Dedicated study of Plant enzymes –
Papain & bromelain.
RECOMMENDED
BOOKS:
1. Pharmaceutical
biotechnology S.P Vyas and V.K. Dixit, CBS publishers and
Distributors, 2001
2. Advanced methods
in plant breeding & biotechnology by David R. Murray.
CAB International panima book
distributors. 1991.
3. Plant tissue
culture by Dixon IRL Press Oxford Washingto DC, 1985.
4. Role of
Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatic plants Vol I & II By Ifan A
Khan and Atiya Khanum Ukaoz
Publications. 1998.
5. Plant Chromosome
analysis, manipulation and engineering by Arun And
Archana Sharma 1st Edition Harwood
Academic Publishers 1999.
6. Comprehensive
Biotechnology by Murray Moo- Young VolI-IV Pergamon
Press Ltd, 1985.
7. Transgenic
Plants by R. Ranjan Agro botanica. 1999.
RECOMMENDED
JOURNALS:
1. Journal of plant biochemistry
and biotechnology.
2. Current Science.
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