B. PHARMA-III SEMESTER REVISED SYLLABUS

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
B. PHARMA-III SEMESTER
PHARMACEUTICS –III (PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING-I) PY- 301Unit operations and processes, Material and energy balances, Dimensionless equations:
formulas and groups.
1. Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction:
Factors affecting the material selection for pharmaceutical plants, Physical: Chemical,
Mechanical properties and use of the important materials of construction with special
reference to Ferrous metals, Copper, Aluminum, Nickel, Glass, Plastics and their alloys Heat
and Corrosion resistant alloys.
2. Corrosion and its Prevention:
General considerations, Types of Corrosion, Methods of reducing Corrosion, Simple
mathematical problems.
3. Industrial Hazards and Safety measures:
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Fire and Dust Hazards, Safety requirements, Legal
requirements, Industrial dermatitis.
4. Fluid Flow:
Fluid statics, Manometers, Types of flow, Reynold’s Number and its significance, Concept of
boundary layers, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Measurement of flow of – fluids,
Valves.
5. Material Handling Systems:
Liquid handling: Different types of pumps.
Solid handling: Conveyors
6. Heat Transfer:
Heat transfer mechanisms, Heat transfer by conduction, Fourier’s law, Natural and forced
convection, Surface and overall heat transfer coefficients, Heat transfer by radiation, Heaters and
heat exchangers.
7. Humidity, Air- Conditioning and Refrigeration:
Basic concepts and definitions of various terms, Psychometric charts, Wet bulb theory,
Measurement of humidity, Application of humidity measurement, air-conditioning and
refrigeration in Pharmacy.
8. Automated Process Control Systems:
Process variables, Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Level and Vacuum and their measurements.
Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Determine the corrosion rate of different materials
2. Determine the corrosion rate of the metal in different environments
3. Calibrate a venturimeter and interpret the energy losses graphically.
4. Determine the rate of heat transfer using different materials.
5. Calculate the humidity at different places using dry bulb and wet bulb temperature
method.
6. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of the given condenser
7. Determine the water vapour permeability across the given packaging material.
8. Determine the nature of flow of fluid and Reynolds Number by using Reynolds
apparatus.
9. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by orifice meter.
10. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by venturimeter.
11. Determine the pressure difference by simple and differential manometers.
12. Correlate falling factors and Reynolds Number using given pipe line assembly.
13. Determine the enlargement losses, contraction losses and friction losses in a fluid flowing
through a pipe.
14. Calculate the coefficient of discharge at orifice using orifice meter.
Books Recommended:
1. J.F.Richardson and J.M. Coulron: Chemical Engineering
2. Walter L. Badger and J.T. Banchero: Introduction to Chemical Engineering
3. Perry: Handbook of Chemical Engineering
4. Lauer & Heckmann: Chemical Engineering Techniques
5. Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering
6. S.J. Carter: Tutorial Pharmacy
7. N.D.Bhatt: Elementary Engineering Drawing.
8. McCabe W.L. and Smith J.C. Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering Mc Graw Hill
International Book Co., London.
9. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers, New Delhi
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & HEALTH EDUCATION- II (PY-302)
1. Digestive system:
Gross anatomy and histology of the gastrointestinal system, Functions of its different
parts, Oral cavity, Oesophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine,
large intestine.
Various gastrointestinal secretions, its regulation and their role in the absorption and
digestion of food.
Overview of Disorders of digestive system, dental caries disease, periodontal cirrhosis,
hepatitis, gallstones, anorexia, peptic ulcers, appendicitis, gastrointestinal tumors.
2. Central Nervous System:
Nevrohumoral transmission in the CNS
Organization of nervous systems. Histology and physiology of neurons.
Structure and function of brain and spinal cord, specialized function of cranial and spinal
nerves. Reflex action, Neurotransmitter in brain, Electroencephalogram.
Overview of CNS disorders : Parkinsorin’s disease, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis
multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, dyslexia, Trigeminal neuralgia, headache, Reyes syndrome,
Alzheimer’s Disease, Neuritis, Sciatica.
3. The sensory, motor and integrative systems.
4. Autonomic Nervous system:
Structure and physiology of Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic and
parasympathetic).
Visceral autonomic reflexes, control by higher centers
5. Urinary System:
Structure and functions of the kidney and urinary tract, Physiology of urine formation,
acid-base balance.
Overview of urinary system disorders : Gout, cystitis, nephrosis, Renal failure,
glomerulonephritis , Urinary tract infection.
6. Endocrine system:
Endocrine glands, chemistry of hormones, mechanism of hormonal action, control of
hormonal secretion (Feed back mechanism) Anatomy and physiology of Pituitary,
thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, Pineal, their hormones
and fuctions.
Overview of endocrine system disorders : Pituitary dwarfism, giantism, acromegaly,
diabetes insipidus, cretinism, myxedema, exophthalmic goiter, aldosteronism, Addison’s
disease, Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma , Diabetes mellitus.
7. Reproductive system:
Structure and function of made reproductive system testes, ductus epididymis vas
deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, gland, bulbourethral,
glands, penis, Hormones of male system and their regulation. Spermatogenesis, semen
Structure and function of female reproductive system, ovaries, uterine tubes, Vagina,
Vulva, mammary glands, Endocrine relations’ Menstrual and ovarian cycles Oogenesis,
coitus, Fertilization, pregnancy – its maintenance and parturition.
Overview of Reproductive system disorders : Sexually transmitted diseases, Gonorrhea,
Syphilis, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Prostatis impotence, infertility, Menstrual,
abnormalities (Amenorrhea, dysmenorrheal) Ovarian cysts, endometriosis, cervical
cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer.
8. Sense Organ:
Basic anatomy, Physiology of eye (Vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell) and
skin (superficial receptors).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. To study human digestive system with help of chart and models and study histology
of salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, Pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intentine.
2. To study human urinary system with help of chart and models study histology of
nephron, urinary bladder, Ureter.
3. To study male and female reproductive system with help of chart and models and study
histology of testes, ductus, epididymis, ovary, uterus, mammary glands.
4. To study brain and spinal cord with help of chart and models and study histology of
cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord.
5. To study structure and physiology of special senses.
6. To study structure and physiology of Eye.
7. To study structure and physiology of Ear.
8. To study structure and physiology of Skin.
9. To study structure and physiology of Taste buds.
10. To study structure and physiology of Nose.
11. To perform urine analysis for physiological (normal) constituent present in urine
sample
12. To study pathological (abnormal) constituent in the urine sample.
13. To perform quantitative test for presence of glucose in urine sample.
Books Recommended:
1. Gerard J. Tortora and Nicholas P. Anagnostakos; Principles of Anatomy and
physiology.Harper and Row publishers, New York.
2. Sujit K. Chaudhuri: Concise Medical Physiology.
3. Kathleen J.W., Wilson Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness
4. Arthur C. Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology.
5. Cyril A. Keele, Erie Neil, Norman Joels and Samson Wrights: Applied Physiology
6. Chatterjee, C.C, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, Calcutta.
7. Shalya, Subhas, Human Physiology CBS publisher Delhi.
8. Ross and Wilson, Human anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone London.
9. Chaurasia, B.D, Human anatomy, Regional and applied. , CBS publisher New Delhi
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY IV (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II) - PY-303
1. Photochemistry and Pericyclic reaction:
Theory-energy transfer-characteristics of photoreactions – typical photoreaction.
Electrocyclic reaction–sigmatropic rearrangement cycloaddition reactions. Neighboring
group effect, Catalysis by transition metal complexes.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry:
Nomenclature of Heterocycles:
Nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) for monocyclic (three, four, five, six and large
membered), fused and bridged heterocycles.
Aromatic and Non-aromatic Heterocycles:
General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural type),
Heteroaromatic reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic heterocycles, Strain–bond angle
and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring heterocycles
Synthesis, chemical reactivity and medicinal application of the following heterocycles
Three and four-membered heterocycles: Aziridines and azetidines
Five membered hetero cycles: Furan, thiophen, pyrrole, pyrazole, oxazole, imidazole,
triazole.
Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Heterocycles: Benzimidazole, benzthiazole and benztriazole.
Six-Membered Heterocycles with One, Two or More Heteroatoms: Pyridine and
Pyrimidine.
Fused heterocycles: Quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, coumarins.
3. Organic Compounds with functional group containing nitrogen
Structure, nomenclature of nitro and cyano compounds.
Nitro compounds: Important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions.
Cyanides and isocyanides: preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
4. Structure, Nomenclature and reactivity of Sulphur containing compounds
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Synthesis and Characterization of – Benzthiazole.
2. Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline.
3. Synthesis and Characterization of Benzimidazole.
4. Synthesis and Characterization of triazoles.
5. Synthesis and Characterization of pyrimidines.
6. Synthesis and Characterization of acridines.
7. Synthesis and Characterization of cuomarins.
8. Synthesis and Characterization of azipine.
9. Synthesis and Characterization of oxazole.
10. Synthesis and Characterization of picric acid.
11. Synthesis and Characterization of 3- nitro benzaldyhyde.
12. Synthesis and Characterization of 2 – mercapto oxadiazole.
13. Synthesis and Characterization of thiazolidinedione.
14. To perform the reduction of aromatic nitor group 2- amino group (Nitro benzene to
aniline, nitrobenzoic acid to amino benzoic acid, etc)
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry, J.A. Joule, K. Mills and G.F. Smith, Chapman and Hall.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry, T.L. Gilchrist, Longman Scietific Technical
4. Contemporay Heterocyclic Chemistry, G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler, Wiley-Inter
Science.
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3, R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Verlag
6. An introduction to the Heterocyclic Compounds, R.M. Acheson, John Wiley
7. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A.R. Katritzky and C.W. Rees, eds. Pergamon
8. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J.Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B.
9. Hobbs, D.V. Banthrope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
10. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, I.L. Finar, ELBS.
11. Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, M. Nogradi, VCH
12. Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry by J. J. Li. Wiley, 2005.
13. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin
14. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox and T. Camp, McGraw Hill
15. Photochemistry, R.P. Kundall and A. Gilbert, Thomson Nelson
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY - PY 304
1. Introduction to the Science of Microbiology:
Historical development, contribution of great scientists and scope of microbiology.
2. Microbiology Taxonomy: Classification of Bacteria and Viruses
3. Identification of Microbes:
• Working of different types of microscopes, electron microscopy, stains and types of
staining techniques.
• Structure and Morphology of bacteria and viruses.
• Nutritional requirements, Cultivation and isolation of bacteria and viruses.
4. Microbial genetics and variation.
5. Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:
a. Disinfection: factors influencing disinfection, dynamics of disinfection.
b. Disinfectants and antiseptics, and their evaluation
c. Sterilization: Different methods, Validation of sterilization methods and
equipments.
6. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products.
7. Infection and factors influencing infection: Immunity, Primary and Secondary defensive
mechanism of body, Microbial resistance, Interferon.
8. Microbial diseases: Brief outline of communicable diseases. Their causative agents,
Mode of transmission and prevention – Chicken pox, Measles, influenza, Diphtheria,
Whooping, cough, Tulberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Cholera, Typhoid, Food
poisoning, Helminthiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Rabies, Trachoma, Tetanus, Syphilis,
Gonorrhoea and AIDS.
9. Microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
10. Food spoilage and Preservation of food.
11. Sewage and Sewage disposal: Industrial Sewage, Sewage treatment methods, BOD,
COD etc.
LIST OF PRACTICALS
(All practicals are compulsory)
1. Study the motility of the given sample of microorganism by hanging drop technique.
2. Identify the given sample of organism by simple staining technique
3. Identify the given sample of organism by Gram staining technique
4. Identify the given sample of organism by negative staining.
5. Identify the bacteria by performing IMViC test.
6. Prepare various types of culture media (Nutrient broth, nutrient agar, fluid thioglycolate
media etc)
7. Prepare subculture of the given sample of microorganism by aseptic transfer technique.
8. Evaluate the given sample of disinfectant by R.W. Coefficient test.
9. Determine the sterility of the given sample by filtration method.
10. Determine the sterility of the given sample by direct inoculation method.
11. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by filter paper disc method.
12. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by cup plate method.
13. Assay the given sample of vitamin microbiologically.
.Books Recommended
1. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific publications,
Oxford London.
2. Malcolm Harris, Balliere Tindall and Cox: Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
3. Gilbert S.Banker and Christopher T. Rhodes: Modern Pharmaceutics.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Pelczar and Reid: Microbiology.
6. Dawson and Mirne: Immunological and Blood products.
7. Rose: Industrial Microbiology.
8. Prescot and Dunn: Industrial Microbiology.
9. Probisher, Hinsdill et al: Fundamentals of Microbiology, 9th ed. Japan
10. Cooper and Gunn’s: Tutorial Pharmacy
11. Peppler: Microbial Technology.
12. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.- latest editions
13. Edward: Fundamentals of Microbiology
14. N.K.Jain: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi
PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Theory) -PY 305
1. General methods of, isolations classification chemical properties and chemical tests and
systematic pharmacognostical studies of
a) Glycosides, and drugs belongs to this class: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea,
Sarasaparilla, Senega, Digitalis, Squill, Rhubarb, Cascara, Aloe, Senna, Psorelea, Gentian,
Saffron, Chirata, Quassia, Thevetia, Mustard, Picrorrhiza
b) Volatile oils and drugs belongs to this class: Dill, Fennel, Coriander, Caraway, Cassia
bark, Cinnamon bark, Clove, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Musk, Palmrosa, Gaultheria, Valerian, Black
Pepper, Lemon grass, Sandal wood Orange peel, Henna.
2. Enzymes, Biological sources, preparation, properties, identification tests and uses of Diastase,
Papain, Pepsin, Trypsin and Pancreatin.
3. Plant bitters and Sweetners.
4. Biological Source, identification characters chemical constituents and therapeutics uses of
traditional drugs like: Kantkari, Satavari, Guduchi, Punarnava, Chitrak, Apamarga, Gokhru,
Shankhpushpi, Adusa, Brahmi, Methi, Garlic Nagarmotha, Neem, Shilajit Kapur kachari, Acorus
5. The holistic concept of drug administration in Ayurvedic and Traditional system of medicine.
Introduction to preparations like Asava, Arishta, Tailas, Churnas, Lepas, Lehyas and Bhasmas
and their evaluation schemes.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Morphological identification of Senna pod, Squill Aloe, Senega
2. Morphological identification of Satavari, Guduchi, Apamarga Gokharu
3. Morphological identification of Nagarmotha, Neem, Garlic, Methi seed
4. Morphological identification of Nutmeg, Cardamom fruits and seeds.
5. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Senna leaf.
6. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Liquorice.
7. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Rhubarb.
8. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Dill & Fennel.
9. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Caraway & Coriander.
10. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Cinnamon bark & clove.
11. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drug by morphological,
microscopical & chemical evaluation of senna cinnamon Rhubarb Coriander.
12. General studies of marketed formulations.
Books Recommended:
1. C.K. Kokate, Gokhale and Purohit, A Text Book of Phamacognosy, Nirali Prakashan,
Pune
2. S.S. Handa and V.K. Kapoor, Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakash, Delhi
3. G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans, Pharmacognosy (India Reprint J. P. Publication, Delhi)
4. T.E.Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, C.B.S. Publication, Delhi
5. V.E. Tylor, L.R.Brady & J.E. Robbers, Lea & Febiger Philadelphia, U.S.A.
6. C.K.Atal and B.M. Kapoor, Cultivation & Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Council of
Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi
7. Medicinal Plant Glycosides – Sim, Toranto
8. C.S.Shah & J.S.Quadry, A Text Book of Pharmacognosy

Forever Friends

Sometimes in life,

you find a special friend;

Someone who changes your life

just by being part of it.

Someone who makes you laugh

until you can't stop;

Someone who makes you believe

that there really is good in the world.

Someone who convinces you

that there really is an unlocked doorjust

waiting for you to open it.

KNOWLEDGE

A man of knowledge increage the strength

Brain power is better then muscle power

Dress does not give knowledge

Knowledge is better then wealth
You have to look after wealth knowledge looks after you

Knowledge is the body of culture,
Under standing is its soul

Profit is inherited, knowledge is not

Some knowledge comes from the head and some come from the heart

FRIENDSHIP

"What is a friend? A single soul, dwelling in two bodies" - AristotleTrue friendship is perhaps the only relation that survives the trials and tribulations of time and remains unconditional.

A unique blend of affection, loyalty, love, respect, trust and loads of fun is perhaps what describes the true meaning of friendship. Similar interests, mutual respect and strong attachment with each other are what friends share between each other.

These are just the general traits of a friendship. To experience what is friendship, one must have true friends, who are indeed rare treasure.

Friendship is a feeling of comfort and emotional safety with a person. It is when you do not have to weigh your thoughts and measure words, before keeping it forth before your friend. It is when someone knows you better than yourself and assures to be your side in every emotional crisis.

It is when you can sleep fighting and get another morning with a better understanding. Friendship is much beyond roaming together and sharing good moments, it is when someone comes to rescue you from the worst phase of life. Friendship is eternal. Different people have different definitions of friendship. For some, it is the trust in an individual that he / she won't hurt you. For others, it is unconditional love.

There are some who feel that friendship is companionship. People form definitions based on the kind of experiences they have had. This is one relation that has been nurtured since time immemorial. There are famous stories about friends in mythologies of different religions all over the world. They say a person who has found a faithful friend has found a priceless treasure. Psychologically speaking, friendship may be defined as 'a dynamic, mutual relationship between two individuals.

As children become friends, they negotiate boundaries within which both partners function'. This helps them to function like healthy individuals in life as they learn to draw a line as and when needed in a relation. This greatly helps in the emotional development of an individual.

However, any relation needs constant nurturing and development from all the people that are involved in one. Friendship cannot survive if one person makes all the effort to sustain it without any mutual recognition from others. Since friendship starts the moment a child starts socializing, the kind of friends that the child chooses should be taken care of till the time he / she learns to differentiate between right and wrong. Wrong peers or lack of socializing can lead to severe psychological traumas and disorders, finally leading to social maladjustment. The correct peer group is essential for the development of the personality of a child.

Both positive and negative experiences refine the personality of the individual.

Thus it is essential that you find friends who are compatible with you on an emotional and psychological basis.

B.Pharma IInd Semester Revised syllabus

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
B. PHARMA-II SEMESTER

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS PY-201
1. Differential equations and its Applications: Revision of integral calculus,
definition and formation of differential equations, equations of first order and first
degree, variable separable, homogeneous and linear differential equations and
equations reducible to such types, linear differential equations of order greater
than one with constant coefficients, complementary function and particular
Integral, Simultaneous linear differential equations, pharmaceutical applications.
2. Laplace Transforms: Definition, transforms of elementary functions, properties
of linearity and shifting, inverse Laplace transforms, transforms of derivatives,
solution of ordinary and simultaneous differential equations.
3. Biometrics: Significant digits and rounding of numbers, data collection, random
and non-random sampling methods, sample size, data organization, diagrammatic
representation of data, bar, pie, 2-D and 3-D diagrams, measures of central
tendency, measures of dispersion, standard deviation, standard error of means,
coefficient of variations, confidence (fiducial) limits.
4. Probability: probability and events, Bayes theorem, probability theorems,
probability distributions, elements of binomal and poisson distribution, normal
distribution curve and properties,
5. Correlation and regression: Method of least squares, statistical inference,
Student’s and paired t-test, F-test and elements of ANOVA, kurtosis and
skewness, Applications of statistical concepts in Pharmaceutical Sciences.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Paria G., Ordinary Differential Equations with Laplace transform, Scholar’s
Publications, Indore.
2. Paria G., Differential Calculus, Scholar’s Publications, Indore.
3. Paria G., Integral Calculus, Scholar’s Publications, Indore.
4. Paria G., Statistics and Stochastic Process Part I and II, Scholar’s Publications,
Indore.
5. Baisnab A, and M Jas, Introduction to statistics.
PHARMACEUTICS-II PY-202 (PHYSICAL PHARMACY)
1. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology: Introduction, Particle size and size
distribution: Average particle size, particle size distribution, number and weight
distribution, particle number; Methods for determination particle size: optical
microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; introduction to latest technique in particle
analysis Particle volume measurement; Particle shape and surface area: particle
shape, specific surface; Methods for determining surface area: adsorption method,
air permeability method, pore size; Derived properties of powders: Porosity,
packing arrangement, densities of powder, bulkiness and flow properties,
Compaction: Compressed tablet, Pharmaceutical application.
2. Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon: General principles: the phase rule,
solubility expressions; Solvent-solute interaction: polar solvents, nonpolar
solvents, semipolar solvents; Solubility of gases in liquids: Effect of pressure,
temperature, salting out, effect of chemical reaction; Solubility of liquids in
liquids: Ideal and real solution, complete miscibility, partial miscibility, influence
of foreign substance, three component systems, dielectric constant and solubility,
molecular connectivity, molecular surface are and solubility; Solubility of solids
in liquids: Ideal solutions, Phase diagrams and the ideal solubility equation,
nonideal solution, extended Hildebrand solubility approach, salvation and
association in solutions of polar compounds, solubility and the heat of solution,
solubility of strong electrolytes, solubility of slightly soluble electrolytes,
solubility of weak electrolyte, the influence of solvents on the solubility on the
solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents, influence of surfactants;
Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents.
3. Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Liquid interfaces: surface and interfacial
tensions, surface free energy. Measurement of surface and interfacial tensions:
Capillary rise method, The DuNouy Ring Method. Adsorption at liquid interfaces:
surface active agents, Systems of Hydrophile - Lipofile classification, Type of
mono-layers at liquid interfaces. Adsorption at solid interface, the solid-gas
interface, the solid-liquid interface, Activated Charcoal, Wetting, Application of
surface-active agents, Electric properties of interfaces.
4. Diffusion and Dissolution: Concept of diffusion, Study state diffusion: Fick’s first
law, Fick’s second law, study state, Procedure and apparatus. Dissolution:
dissolution rate, dissolution of tablets, capsules and granules, Powder Dissolution:
The Hixson-Crowell cube Root Law. Drug release: Drugs in polymer matrices,
release from granular matrices, multilayer diffusion, membrane control and
diffusion layer control phenomenon, diffusion principle in biological system.
5. Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian Systems: Newton’s Law of flow; kinematics
viscosity; Temperature dependence and theory of viscosity. Non-Newtonian
Systems: plastic flow, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Thixotropy: measurement
thixotropy, Bulges and spurs, Negative thixotropy, Thixotropy in formulations.
Determination of Rheologic properties: choice of viscometer, Capillary
viscometer, Falling sphere viscometer, Cup and bob viscometer, Cone and plate
Viscometer, Pharmaceutical application of Rheology.
6. Complexation and protein binding: Classification of complexes, methods of
preparation and analysis, Pharmaceutical applications. Protien binding: Binding
equilibria, equilibrium dialysis and ultrafilration, dyanamic dialysis, hydrophobic
interaction, self-association, factors affecting complexation and protein binding.
7. Buffered and isotonic solutions: The buffer equation: Common Ion Effect and the
Buffer Equation for a weak Acid and its slat, The buffer equation for a weak base
and its salt. Factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions. Buffer capacity:
Calculation of buffer capacity. Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic
system: In vivo biologic buffer systems, Pharmaceutical buffers, influence of
buffer capacity and pH on Tissue Irritation, pH and Solubility. Buffered isotonic
solutions: Measurement of tonicity, tonicity calculations, Methods of adjusting
isotonicity and pH.
8. Colloids: Introduction to the dispersed System, Types of colloidal systems, Optical
properties of the colloids, kinetic properties of the colloids, electrical properties of
the colloids, Solubilization, Pharmaceutical application of the colloids, advanced
thermodynamics of Micellization.
9. Coarse Dispersion: Suspension: Interfacial properties of suspended particles,
Settling in suspensions: theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian Movement,
Sedimentation of flocculated particles, Sedimentation parameters. Formulation of
suspensions: Wetting of particles, Controlled flocculation, Flocculation in
Structured Vehicles, Rheologic consideration, Preparation of suspensions,
Physical stability of suspensions. Emulsions: Emulsion types, Pharmaceutical
applications, Theories of emulsification, Physical stability of emulsions,
Preservation of emulsions, Rheologic properties of emulsions. Semi-solids: Gels,
Syneresis and swelling, Classification of Pharmaceutical semisolids, Hydrophilic
properties of Semisolids, Rheologic properties of semisolids, Universe of Topical
Medications. Drug Kinetics in Coarse disperse system, Drug Diffusion in Coarse
Disperse Systems.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Minimum fifteen experiments should be performed in the semester. Student
should aware with safety parameters and handling of chemicals related to
following experiments)
1. Determine the particle size and particle size distribution in the given sample of
powder by optical microscopy.
2. Determine particle size distribution of the given granules by sieving method.
3. Determine the following derived properties of the given powdered sample
(a) Flow property (b) Bulk density (c) Granule density
(d) True density (e) Porosity (f) Carr’s Index
(g) hussnor’s retio
4. Determine the surface tension of the given sample by drop count and drop weight
Method.
5. Determine the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the given surfactant by
Surface tension method.
6. Determine partition coefficient of the given drug between benzene and water or octanol
and water system
7. Plot phase diagram of phenol-water system
8. Determine the effect of salt on the solubility of given drug.
9. Determine the percent composition of an unknown solution of glycerin in water using
Ostwald’s viscometer
10. Study the effect of shear rate on the flow of 1% methyl cellulose solution.
11. Formulate suspension of the given drug and evaluate it for sedimentation parameters.
12. Study the effect of thickening agent concentration on the sedimentation of the suspension
of the given drug.
13. Prepare acetate buffer and compare theoretical pH value with the experimental value.
14. Determine the viscosity of the following Newtonian and Non-Newtonian system
(a) Water (b) Simple syrup I.P.
(c) Diclofenac gel (d) Tooth paste
15. Determine the HLB value of the given surfactant
16. Evaluate the given sample of emulsion on the following parameters
(a) Type of emulsion (b) Globule size distribution
(c) Physical stability (d) Viscosity
17. Determine the optimum concentration of Bentonite required for the maximum
physical stability of calamine lotion.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A. and Kanig, J.L., The Theory and Pratice of
Industrial Pharmacy, Lea and Philadelphia.
2. Allen, L.V., Popovich, N.G., Ansel, H.C., Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
and Drug Delivery Systems, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
3. Banker G.S. and Rhode C.T., Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcell Decker Inc., New
York.
4. Aulton, M.E., Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage Form Design, Churchill
Livingstone, London.
5. Carter, S.J., Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
6. Martin A., Physical Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
7. Gennaro, A.R., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III PY-203 (ORGANIC-I)
1. Structure and Properties: Electronegativity, Polarity, Resonance;
Electrophiles/Nucleophiles, Orbitals, ð-Bonds, Hybridization and Shape,
Isomerism, Polarity, Intermolecular Forces, isotope effects and isotopic labelling.
2. Reactive Intermediates: Stability and reactivity of Radicals, Cations, Anions,
Nitrene and Nitrenium ion
3. Stereochemistry: Stereo-isomerism, classification and Nomenclature, Optical
activity, Chirality, R/S Classification of Chiral Carbons. Miscellaneous
Stereochemistry, Diastereomers; Racimic modification, Resolution of racimic
mixtures.
4. Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, Physical and chemical
properties of alkanes, Conformations and Stability of Acyclic Alkanes and
Cycloalkanes.
Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature, Physical and Chemical properties of
alkenes, isomerism, and general methods of preparation.
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Benzene and its homologues (Polynuclear
compounds), nomenclature, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, structure of
benzene, chemical reaction of benzyne-mechanism and SNAr Mechanism of
nucleophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on
reactivity.
Dienes and the Allyl system: Conjugation, Reactivity.
5. Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens (X):
Nomenclature, Structure, Properties, Reactivity of Alkyl Halides (haloalkanes and
haloarenes): The SN2 and SN1 Substitution Reaction, The E1 and E2 Elimination
Reactions, Substitution vs. Elimination reaction, reactivity of C-X bond in
haloalkanes and haloarenes
6. Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part I-):
Alcohols: Nomenclature, Synthesis, reactivity of different Alcohols; conversion
of Alcohols to Tosylates or Halides.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic
nature of phenol.
Ethers: electronic structure, structure of functional group, nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, some
commercially important compounds.
7. Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part II):
Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions,
relative reactivity of aldehydic and ketonic groups, aldol condensation.
nucleophilic addition reaction to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of -COOH, Nomenclature, important
methods of preparation, physical properties and effect of substituents on á-carbon
on acid strength, chemical reactions.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid
anhydride, ester and amide groups, Nomenclature, important methods of
preparation, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives.
8. Organic Compounds with functional group containing Nitrogen: Structure,
Nomenclature of Amino and Diazo Compounds.
Amines: Primary, secondary and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important
methods of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines, chemical
reactions.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reaction and uses of Benzene diazonium
chloride. Some commercially important nitrogen containing carbon compounds,
(Aniline, TNT)
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Purify the given organic compounds by distillation.
2. Purify the given organic compounds by recrystillazation.
3. Introduction to the use of stereo models.
4. Synthesis, Purification, Characterization (by using Solubility, Melting Point,
T.L.C. and percentage purity) of organic compounds and percent yield
calculations of the following compounds:
a) 2, 4, 6-trinitro phenol (Picric acid) from phenol
b) Iodoform from ethyl alcohol
c) 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline from aniline
d) 2, 4, 6-tribromo phenol from phenol
e) Phenylbutazone from phenol
f) Benzanilide from aniline
g) Phthalidimide from phthalic anhydride
h) Thiourea
i) Phenyl urea
j) Flourescein
k) Methly orange
l) Methly red
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 6th Edition, New York.
2. Organic Chemistry, T.W.G. Solomons, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
3. Advanced Organic Chemistry, J. March, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure,
John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
4. Mechanisms and structure in Organic Chemistry, E.S. Gould, Hold Rinchart and
Winston, New York.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Bernard Miller, 2nd
edition, Pearson education Ptc. Ltd. Singapore.
6. Named Organic Reactions, Thomas Lane & Andreas Plagens, 2nd edition, John
Wiley and Sons, N.Y).
7. Organic Chemistry Finar Vol-1 & 2.
8. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Ingold, C. K., Cornell
University.
9. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Eliel, E.L., McGraw Hill, New York.
10. Elements of Stereochemistry, Eliel, E.L., Wiley, New York.
PHARMACOGNOSY-I PY-204
1. Study of following families with spatial reference to medicinally important plants;
apocyanaceae, solanoceae, graminae, labiatae, cruciferae,
papaveraceae,umbelifereae, leguminosae, rubiaceae and liliaceae.
2. Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. Scheme for
pharmacognostical study of crude drug. Sources of crude drugs and methods of
their classification. Traditional and alternative systems of medicines.
3. Cultivation collection, drying, natural drying, artificial drying, processing and
storage of crude drugs. Factors affecting cultivation of medicinal plants like
climate, altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, soils, fertilizers and mannures.
4. Pest control and natural pest control agents. Methods of pest control like
mechanical, agricultural, biological chemical etc.
5. Quality Control of Crude Drugs: Different types of Adulteration and their
evaluation using various methods like Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical,
Chemical, and Biological, Quantitative microscopy.
6. General methods of their isolation, classification, properties and systematic
pharmacognostic study of –
a. Carbohydrates, and drugs belonging to this class like; Agar, Gaur gum,
Acacia, Ghatti gum Honey, Isapgol, Starch, Sterculia, Tragacanth, Bael,
Pectin,
b. Fixed oil, fats and waxes and drugs belonging to this class likes; Castor oil,
Olive oil Linseed oil, Karanj Oil, Neem Oil, Beeswax, Cocoa butter,
Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Cod-liver oil, Shark liver oil, Woolfat, Lard,
Yellow bees wax, Carnauba wax
c. Resins and resin combinations and drugs belonging to this class like;
Podophyllum, Tolu & Peru balsam, Turmeric, Ginger, Ipomoea, Myroballan,
Asafoetida, Benzoin, colophonoy. Capsicum, Canabis, Myrrh, Guggul,
Kaladana,
d. Tannins and drugs belonging to this class like Myrobalan, Bahera, Arjuna
bark, Ashoka bark, Amla, black & Pale catechu.
e. Fibres: Plant fibres, Animal fibre, Synthetic fibres, Minral fibre. Flax, Cotton,
Silk, Wool.
f. Pharmaceutical aids like; Talc, Kaolin, Bentonite, Gelatin, Klesalghur,
Asbestose.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Student should perform Minimum fifteen experiments from following)
1. Study of different types of microscopes, camara lucida.
2. Morphological identification of following drugs Bael, Capsicum, Kaladana,
catechu, guggul, honey.
3. Morphological identification of following drugs Arjuna bark, ashoka bark. Amla.
Ghatugum and Bahera
4. Perform the morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation "Ginger".
5. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Turmeric".
6. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Myroballan".
7. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Agar and Acacia".
8. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Tragacanth".
9. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Isapgol".
10. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Starches obtain from potato,
rice, maize and wheat".
11. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Asafoetida".
12. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Castor oil, linseed oil, olive oil, cod-liver
oil".
13. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of neem oil, coca butter and wool fat.
14. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of lard, bees wax and carnauba.
15. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Bees wax".
16. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Benzoin".
17. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "nylon, Silk and Cotton".
18. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Talc and Podophyllum".
19. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Peru and Tolu Balsam".
20. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drugs by morphological microscopical and chemical
evaluation.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – C.S.Shah & J.S.Quadry
2. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – T.E. Wallis
3. Pharmacognosy – Trease & Evans
4. Pharmacognosy – Brady & Taylor
5. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – V.K. Kapoor & S.S.Handa
6. Pharmacognosy – C.K.Kokate, A.P.Purohit, S.B.Gokhale.
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION–PY-205
Scope of anatomy and physiology and basic terminology used in these subjects.
1. Structure of cell, its components and their function:
2. Elementary Tissues of the Human Body: Epithelial, connective, muscular and
nervous tissues; their sub-types and characteristics.
3. Skeletal System: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton, Classification
of joints, Types of movement at joint, disorders of joints.
4. Skeletal Muscles: Their gross anatomy, physiology of muscle contraction,
physiological properties of skeletal muscle and their disorders.
5. Haemopoietic System : Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their
disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation;
disorders of platelets and coagulation.
6. Lymph and lymphatic system: Composition, formation and circulation of lymph,
disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basic physiology and functions of
spleen.
7. Cardiovascular System: Basic anatomy of the heart, physiology of heart, blood
vessels and circulation. Basic understanding of cardiac cycle, heart sounds and
electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline of
cardiovascular disorders like; hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina,
myocardial infraction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory organs, Functions of respiration,
Mechanism and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes and vital capacity
9. Health Education: First aid: emergency treatment of shock, snake bites, burns,
poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Student should perform all the following experiments)
1. Determine RBC count of the given blood sample
2. Determine WBC count of the given blood sample
3. Determine differential WBC count of the given blood sample
4. Determine platelets count of the given blood sample
5. Determine hemoglobin count of the given blood sample
6. Determine clotting time of the given blood sample.
7. Determine erythrocyte sedimentation rate of the given blood sample
8. Osmotic fragility of the blood.
9. Determine blood group.
10. Study of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue using slide.
11. Study human skeletal system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
12. STUDY of human cardiovascular system with the help of chart, model and
histological slides.
13. Record of blood pressure.
14. To understand ECG, PQRST waves and their signifance.
15. Study of human respiratory system with the help of chart, model and histological
slides.
16. Study of lymphatic system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.

Best Friends Forever

Best Friends Forever
True friendship is found mostly in the male genre because of their proclivity to know when to shut the door or one thing and to start another. That is the great thing about being practical or pragmatic. If a man does not readily see that something is going to work out between two people, he just lets go. He does not drag a relationship out and then blame themselves for the breakup. So true friendship definitely is about the genders.
Women are emotional and may call you a friend one moment and the second moment wants to pull your hair out. That is the woman's perogative to act in the moment either out of love or rage just as long as her emotions are out there and you get exactly how she feels about you.
Aside from the obvious difference in the personalities of men and women, true friendships on rare occasions do bloom between a man and a woman, a woman and another woman and friends to friends. However when the word true is added to the prefix of the root wood love then the definition takes on a totally different characteristic. A true friendship is found more often than not between two men than two women because of the doctrine of power.
Men in power generally share equally while women are caty and a bit jealous if one is forging ahead of the other. This is because women are still deemed the weaker sex even in the light of women liberty movements and in their younger years they have to fight each other to get the males attention. Young women may not realize it but when they wear the top fashions and make themselves beautiful with condiments of cosmetics, they are fighting for a man's attention. A few women may say that they do it for themselves which is fine and dandy however, you will probably be speaking to a mature women instead of a young woman out seeking male companionship.
Women fighting is not on the same playing field as men. Women are fighting to get the man's attention with her beauty, brains, poise, looks and personality. In these modern times, as it is still the male who actually gets to choose who he is going to spend the rest of his life with, he gets to make the selection. While this process is going on there is no room for true friendship. A quick hello and goodbye in passing but two women getting together to pit for one man is unreal. There is bound to be a word far removed from friendship and that is enemy terrritory.
As a woman grows older, she matures to look to herself as her best friend and to be careful who she brings into her cozy corner. The man, however, as he matures is still bringing buddies over for dinner or catching a football games with his true friends. These are his true friends because they are sharing in his company. There is no need for a man to get emotional about a secret that linked out among his friends because most of these men will understand that it was just a leak of information that had no bearing on his friendship with the person.
A woman may not have a lot of true friends but she is in a better position to describe what true love details than a man. The man experiences true friendship yet it is the woman with her delicate nature who can explain verbally what true friendship is. Now if only she can get a smidgen of true friendship from the men's corner of the room. Her soft nature makes it easy for her to understand true friendship though it will be rare that she gets to transform it into love.
A man on the other hand has a more pragmatic way of describing true friendship just as a friendship plain, direct, simple and practical. He would probably say that a friendship is a friendship and the word true have nothing to do with it. In his common sense way of thinking the man's take on friendship may be that there is no such thing as a fake, false or pretend friendship.
Having explained the differences of the sexes betwee friendship and real friendship, let's add one other element to this article about true friendship and that word is empathy. Empathy is when you literally step in the other person's shoes in this case a friend's shoes and feel the exact same way that he or she feels about their present situation. Empathy is genderless and is the simple scientific element that definds true friendship. If you are able to step into the other person's shoes and genuinely feel what he or she is going through then you are a true friend.
As a true friend, you are not looking for a reciprocal because you are only concentrating on what makes the other person happy.
That is a simple and direct explanation of what true friendship is and your chances of finding true friendship should not be your goal in getting involved in a relationship. A true friend is there for the other person and do not look for a return of investment of their feelings of empathy. The odd thing about giving is that when you give you do not think about what you are going to get in return. The act of giving is such a good feeling of true friendship that the reward in in the giving.
To sum this article up about true friendship, men will find true friendship faster than a woman because of their general constitution of being the go-to person equipped with something that is not always found in women and that is pragmatism or just being practical instead of emotional. True friendship encompasses the word empathy meaning that you are able to feel where the other person is coming from and is there in time of need and in time of happiness.
Giving is what people do out of true friendship and the task of giving have not reciprocation. Giving people in a true friendship should not be looking for a payback for their empathy and genuine concern for another.
True friendship just like true love is hard to find

INTRODUCTION TO AROMATIC WATERS

Aromatic waters are clear aqueous solution saturated with volatile Oils (e.g. rose oil, Peppermint oil, orother aromatic or volatile substances eg. camphor. Their odours and taste are of those of the drugs or
volatile substances from which they are prepared.
Aromatic waters may be used for perfuming, . avoring or for special purposes for eg.
1. Camphor water has been used as the vehicle in ophthalmic solutions owning to its ability to contribute
refreshing, stimulating effect to the preparation.
2. Hamamelis water known as witch hazel is employed as a rub, perfume and as an astringent in
various cosmetic preparations, particularly in after-shave lotions.

1.Distillation Method:

The distillation method involves the placing of the coarsely ground odoriferous portion of the plant
or drug from which the aromatic water is to be prepared in a suitable still, with suf. cient puri. ed
water. Most of the volume of water is then distilled. The excess oils collected with the distillate rises
to the top of the aqueous product and are removed. The remaining aqueous solutions, saturated
with volatile material require clari. cation by . ltration.

2. Solution Method:

Aromatic water is prepared by intermittently shaking 2ml (if liquid) or 2gm (if solid) of the volatile
substance with 1000ml of puri. ed water in suitable container for period of 15 minutes. After the
period of agitation the mixture is set aside for 12 hours or longer to permit the excess oil and the
solid substance to settle. Without further agitation the mixture is passed through a wetted . lter
paper and puri. ed water added as needed to bring the volume of the . ltrate upto the prescribed
quantity.

3.Alternative solution Method:

By this method the volatile oil or suitably comminuted aromatic solid is thoroughly incorporated
with 15gms of talc and to this mixture is added 1000ml of puri. ed water. The resulting slurry is
thoroughly agitated several times for the period of 30 minutes and then . ltered.
Preparation of concentrated Aromatic water:
These products are alcoholic non aqueous preparations containing 2% of volatile oils They are forty
times stronger than the ordinary aromatic waters. Many volatile oils contain aromatic part and non-aromatic
part. The aromatic portion is much more soluble in a weak alcohol than the non-aromatic portion.
Hence when a solution of the oil in 90% alcohol is diluted with a limited amount of water the aromatic portion
of the oil remains in solution while the non-aromatic portion is precipitated off, separating as an oily
layer. Therefore 50gms of talc is added for 1000ml of preparation which acts as a distributing agent, and
will absorbs the non-aromatic part. The solution is agitated and set aside for a few hours and . ltered.
Storage: Aromatic water deteoriate with time and it should be made in small quantities and protected
from intense light and excessive heat and stored in airtight, light resistance container.
Note for teacher: Any other of. cial aromatic water can be done beside the preparation given in the
manual for these experiments

1 Title: To prepare, evaluate and submit 100ml of Chloroform Water I.P. by Simple Solution Method.
(Read the Introduction of Aromatic Waters.)

2.purpose Different types of solutions, volumetric measurement

3.New concepts: Proposition 1: Pharmaceutical Aid

Preparation used as an excipient or base or vehicle for formulation of other pharmaceutical
preparations.


Proposition 3: Storage: Aromatic waters are stored in air tight, light resistant container.

4 Apparatus: Glass Beaker (250 ml), Volumetric Cylinder (100 ml), Volumetric Pipette (1ml).
5 Step wise procedure:

It is saturated solution of chloroform in puri. ed water .The solubility of chloroform is 1 in 800 parts
of water.
1. Measure the required quantity of chloroform.
Pharmaceutics - I Experiment No. 3
2. Add suf. cient quantity of puri. ed water to make the required volume with constant stirring
so that chloroform gets uniformly mixed.
Dose: 15 to 30 ml
Category: Pharmaceutical Aid.
Storage: store in airtight container in cool place away from light.

7 Labeling of formulation:

(Students shall write all aspects of labeling in the space provided below.)

8 Observation and evaluation:

9 Result:

…………ml of ………………………………………………………………………….. preparation is
submitted in ……………………………………………. container with neat label.

CALAMINE LOTION USP

FORMULA

CALAMINE :80g
Zinc oxide 80g
Glycerin 20ml
Bentonite magma 250mL
Calcium hydroxide q.s. 1000mlTopical solution

PROCEDURE:

Dilute the bentonite magma with an equal volume of calcium hydroxide topical solution mix the power intimately with the glycerin and about 100ml of the diluted magma .triturating until a smooth ,uniform paste is formed .gradually in corporate the remainder of the diluted magma .finally add enough calcium hydroxide topical solution to make 1000ml and shake well .if a more viscous consistency in the lotion to not more than 400ml
Many investigator have studied calamine lotion ,and this has led to the satisfying the collective needs of all dermatologists

THEORY:

A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to unbroken skin; creams and gels have a higher viscosity. Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. Lotions are usually applied to external skin with bare hands, a clean cloth, cotton wool or gauze; creams and gels usually only with one's fingers or palms. Many lotions, especially Hand Creams and Face cream are formulated not as a medicine delivery system, but simply to smooth and soften the skin— these are particularly popular with the aging and aged demographic groups, and in the case of face usage, can also be classified as a cosmetic in many cases.The key components of a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are the aquous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases, and, if used, the drug substance or substances. A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragnances, glycerol, petrolium jelly, dyes, preservatives proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.

USES:

Calamine is a mixture of ZINC OXIDE (ZnO) with about 0.5% IRON OXIDE(Fe2O3).
CALAMINE is the main ingredient in calamine lotion and is used as an ANTIPRURITIC (anti-itching agent) to treat mild pruritic conditions such as SUNBURN , ECZEMA , RASHES, POISON IVY , CHICKEN POX ,
 INSECT bites and stings.It is also used as a mild ANTISEPTIC to prevent infections that can be caused by scratching the affected area, and an ASTRINGENT to dry weeping or oozing BLISTERS and ACNE ABSCESSES.

 IT ALSO ACT AS SOOTHING,SMOOTHING AND MOISTURING AGENT AND GIVES PROTECTION FROM SUNBURN



Remington sciences & practice page no 772-773

CALAMINE LOTION IP

FORMULA
CALAMINE : 15.0 GRAMS.
ZINC OXIDE : 5.0 GRAMS.
BENTUNITE : 3.0 GRAMS.
SODIUM CITRATE : 0.5 GRAMS.
LIQUIFIED PHENOL : 0.5 ML.
GLYCERINE : 5.0 ML.
ROSE WATER : 0.02 ML.
DISTILLED WATER : UPTO 100.0 ML.

PROCEDURE:

FIRST TAKE THE CALAMINE ABOUT 15 GMS IN A MORTAR AND THEN TAKE ZINC OXIDE AND MIX WELL IN A MORTAR, THIRDLY,TAKE BENTUNITE AND MIX IT WELL. TAKE SODIUM CITRATE IN A SMALL BEAKER AND MIX IT WITH 30 ML OF DISTILLED WATER AND POUR THE SOLUTION IN A MORTAR GENTLY AND MIX IT WILL TILL ALL INGERDIENTS WILL BE SEEN IN A FINE POWEDERY AND SMOOTH PASTE. AFTRE THAT, POUR GLYCERINE DROP BY DROP AND ALSO POUR ROSE WATER GENTLY. LASTLY, TAKE A DISTILLED OR PURIFIED WATER IN A MEASURING CYLINDER ABOUT UPTO 100 ML AND POUR 100 ML OF DISTILLED WATER IN A MORTAR AND KEEP IN A CLOSED BOTTLE. SO YOUR CALAMINE LOTION WILL BE READY. SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE.

THEORY:

A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to unbroken skin; creams and gels have a higher viscosity. Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. Lotions are usually applied to external skin with bare hands, a clean cloth, cotton wool or gauze; creams and gels usually only with one's fingers or palms. Many lotions, especially Hand Creams and Face cream are formulated not as a medicine delivery system, but simply to smooth and soften the skin— these are particularly popular with the aging and aged demographic groups, and in the case of face usage, can also be classified as a cosmetic in many cases.The key components of a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are the aquous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases, and, if used, the drug substance or substances. A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragnances, glycerol, petrolium jelly, dyes, preservatives proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.

USES:

Calamine is a mixture of ZINC OXIDE (ZnO) with about 0.5% IRON OXIDE(Fe2O3). CALAMINE is the main ingredient in calamine lotion and is used as an ANTIPRURITIC (anti-itching agent) to treat mild pruritic conditions such as SUNBURN , ECZEMA , RASHES, POISON IVY , CHICKEN POX , INSECT bites and stings.It is also used as a mild ANTISEPTIC to prevent infections that can be caused by scratching the affected area, and an ASTRINGENT to dry weeping or oozing BLISTERS and ACNE ABSCESSES. IT ALSO ACT AS SOOTHING,SMOOTHING AND MOISTURING AGENT AND GIVES PROTECTION FROM SUNBURN

STDs/AIDS

STDs/AIDS

INTRODUCTION:

"It is estimated that by the end of 20th century there were 40 million people infected with HIV all over the world and India has been leading with highest number of cases (ranging from 10-20 million). We may not be infected but will definitely be affected indirectly by it. Hence it is a duty of every citizen of India to have detailed knowledge about this disease".
Due to lack of knowledge about AIDS people have fear in their mind against the victims of this disease. Because of fear of social boycott, AIDS patients and their relatives hide their HIV status. Many doctors (due to fear of getting infection) also refuse to treat these patients. There is danger of AIDS for everybody and only thing that can save us is to be completely informed.

AIDS is

Acquired – must do something to contract
Immune – ability to fight off infectious agents
Deficiency – lack of
Syndrome – cluster of symptoms that are Characteristic for a disease

HIV is:

Human – isolated to the human species
Immuno-Deficiency – Lacking the ability to fight off infectious agents
Virus – a disease causing agent

How Hiv infect

AIDS is caused by HIV, a very fragile RNA type of retrovirus, which like any other microorganism lives inside the living cells of the body. Outside body it doesn’t survive for more than half and hour.
There are two types of HIV virus, i.e. HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is present all over the world and in India more than 80% people are affected by it. HIV-2 is mainly found in Africa and also presents in India. Some people are infected with both the viruses. People only infected with HIV-2 live longer than those infected with HIV-1 and chances of transmission of HIV-2 from mother to child are very rare.
Once in body, HIV attacks CD4 type of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in blood and gradually kills them.

These CD4 type of WBC helps us to fight against various infections.

Once they are destroyed our body’s resistance to fight infections goes down and person suffers from lots of infections.
This end stage of HIV infection is called AIDS. It takes many years for AIDS to develop and till that time infected person usually remains healthy.

HOW DOES HIV SPREAD

Infected person’s blood, semen, vaginal fluid are rich in HIV. However tears, saliva, sweat or urine do not pose any danger?
HIV is transmitted by:
· Unprotected sexual intercourse with infected person (either heterosexual or homosexual)
· Transfusion of infected blood or blood products
· Infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, birth process and through breast – feeding
· Use of infected needles and instruments without sterilization or sharing of needles and syringes by HIV drug addicts

HOW HIV IS NOT TRANSMITTED

There is no risk of contracting HIV infection in daily routine activities and by casual contact with HIV positive person.
AIDS virus is not transmitted through:
· Embarrassing or kissing (social)
· Touching hand shaking or hugging
· Sharing bathroom or toilet
· Coughing, saliva or sneezing
· Eating together or sharing utensils
· Swimming pools
· Sharing clothes
· Mosquito bite, Insect bite or houseflies
· Patient caring

WHAT ARE SYMPTOMS OF AIDS

An HIV infected person initially looks normal and perfectly healthy. The symptoms of AIDS develop after few years and include: -
· Long standing, unexplained fever ( > 1 month)
· Unexplained diarrhoea (> 1 month)
· Persistent cough (> 1 month)
· Persistent unexplained fatigue and weight loss of more than 5 kg within short period
· White blotches in the mouth or on tongue
·

HOW HIV CAN BE DETECTED

You can not tell by looking at person’s face whether he or she is infected with HIV. The infected person looks perfectly healthy and feel well for years. The infection can only be detected by doing a blood test i.e. ELISA HIV antibody test. If someone is found to be positive by ELISA and confirmed by second test (done on different blood sample and by different method) the person is said to be seropositive.

SPOT TEST:

This is simple rapid test for finding out the HIV status of a person in which the result can be given to the patient within half an hour. Rarely there are chances of a false positive report and hence a positive report should be confirmed by doing ELISA test.

WESTERN BLOT (WB) TEST:

Specialized and costly confirmatory test for HIV. Done only to confirm a positive ELISA or SPOT test report. Ever since the standard of ELISA and SPOT test has improved the role of this test seems to be very little in diagnosis of HIV infection.

CD4 AND VIRAL LOAD TESTING:

Very costly tests and done only in those affording patients who are willing to start anti-HIV (antiretroviral) drugs.
It is mandatory to do pre-test and post-test counselling of all the patients before and after the test respectively.

CARE OF HIV / AIDS PATIENT

GENERAL CARE:

· Sympathetic attitude, family and public support
· Patient should be advised to take adequate rest and diet rich in proteins and vitamins
· Patient should be advised not to donate blood or organs
· Patient should be advised to use condom with any sexual partner
· As far as possible patient should avoid eating outside food
· Patient should be encouraged to give up all habits i.e. smoking, alcohol or chewing pan or tobacco
· Patient should drink boiled water
· Patient should be advised to do regular exercise or yoga
If patients follow above general care tips they can live 1-2 year longer.

SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT:

· Early treatment of common problems like fever, cough, diarrhea etc. from family doctor
· Early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections like TB etc.

SPECIFIC ANTI-HIV TREATMENT:

Many new anti-HIV drugs which prevent the spread of the virus and can postphone various complications are now available at selected places in market and few of them are also manufactured in India e.g. AZT, 3TC, D4T, Saquinavir, ddc, nevirapine etc. But these medicines are very costly and in India 90% of HIV patients cannot even think of them. One year expenses of good comminations of these drugs and blood testing comes to around 1.5 to 2.5 lacs. These medicines can prolong the life of the patient but not cure him.

HOW CAN HIV BE PREVENTED
PRVENTION IS THE ONLY CURE FOR HIV / AIDS

Prevention is simple easy and the only answer we have got today unless we find some cure. HIV can be easily prevented by adopting simple measures such as:

SAFE SEX:

The only safe sex is ‘no sex’; all other practices like masturbation, cuddling, hugging, rubbing, sticking to one partner or using condom if one cannot avoid multiple partners are safer sex practices.

SAFE BLOOD:

Judicious use of blood and use only pretested HIV free blood or blood product.

SAFE NEEDLES:

Insist your doctors and nurses to use sterile or disposable needles and instruments.

SAFE MOTHERHOOD:

Before taking any major step in life like marriage or having child ascertain that you are HIV free.

SAFE RAZOR AND BLADE:

Never share your shaving blades with anyone and also ask your barber to use properly cleansed razor and new blade during shaving or hair cut. (Although the risk of getting infection from a saloon is minimal)

CARE OF HIV / AIDS PATIENT
GENERAL CARE:

· Sympathetic attitude, family and public support
· Patient should be advised to take adequate rest and diet rich in proteins and vitamins
· Patient should be advised not to donate blood or organs
· Patient should be advised to use condom with any sexual partner
· As far as possible patient should avoid eating outside food
· Patient should be encouraged to give up all habits i.e. smoking, alcohol or chewing pan or tobacco
· Patient should drink boiled water
· Patient should be advised to do regular exercise or yoga
If patients follow above general care tips they can live 1-2 year longer.

SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT:

· Early treatment of common problems like fever, cough, diarrhea etc. from family doctor
· Early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections like TB etc.

SPECIFIC ANTI-HIV TREATMENT:

Many new anti-HIV drugs which prevent the spread of the virus and can postphone various complications are now available at selected places in market and few of them are also manufactured in India e.g. AZT, 3TC, D4T, Saquinavir, ddc, nevirapine etc. But these medicines are very costly and in India 90% of HIV patients cannot even think of them. One year expenses of good comminations of these drugs and blood testing comes to around 1.5 to 2.5 lacs. These medicines can prolong the life of the patient but no

CONCLUSION

Remember AIDS does not discriminate caste, creed, race, religion, educational or social status. Prevention of AIDS is our joint responsibility. Education and awareness is the only weapon in our hand. Let us accept the challenge to fight against AIDS. We must support and care for the people with HIV / AIDS with compassion and understanding.
t cure him.

Education in India: Pharmacy

Education in India: Pharmacy

Looking for a Career Option as pharmacists?
This section features Pharmacy as a career option, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training involved, premier institutions and future prospects.
In our day-to-day life pharmacists play an important role, as they are very much into research and manufacture of drugs. As a pharmacist.Thus, pharmacy is closely associated with scientific study.
Pharmacy as a career option has always been in demand. India being a huge nation of about a billion populations, diseases both minor and major has been a curse upon the weak and the poor. In the previous centuries and almost till the middle of the 20th century killer diseases such as acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea, depression, tuberculosis, measles, anaemia etc have been affecting thousands every year. With the advancements in medical science most of these diseases have been brought under control, with the help of high powerful antibiotics and other life saving drugs. This is where pharmacy steps in to fill the void.
Pharmacists study the chemistry of drugs, their origin, procedures for drug development, their preparation, dispensing, their effects and eventual use for prevention and treatment of disease. The complexity of drug therapy and the dangers of drug abuse has brought into focus the need of pharmacists' special skills to maintain a rational approach in the realm of drug treatments.

AMRIT SINGH
Pharmacy Student
'I decided on pharmacy because I had a keen interest in chemistry and biology. Working part-time in a community pharmacy allowed me to view at first hand how rewarding pharmacy is, as it means we can help people from all walks of life using the chemical and drug expertise where there is plenty of contact with the general public.'
In future pharmacists will have more responsibility and more duties to perform, meaning we will have a bigger role to play, like doctors.










Personality Traits
Pharmacists must have a scientific bent of mind and should have interest in medicine. The academic acumen of pharmacists can range from average to superior. Pharmacists in research and industries should have excellent academic potential. An ability to work methodically, carefully and accurately is needed for work in hospitals, stores, laboratories and shop floors. Sympathetic attitude, caring mannerisms and a friendly disposition are required for dealing with patients.
Excellent communication skills are required by pharmacists engaged in marketing and in the production units of industries. Pharmacists in management positions must have effective management skills. In the retail sector, additional skills in merchandising, selling and financial management are required.
Pharmacists work in research, processing and manufacture of drugs. Biotechnological research has added a dynamic potential to the work of pharmacists. The investment in research and development is envisaged to expand the sphere of business activity, both in the country and abroad. Multinational joint venture partnerships have given a thrust to this growth, which has targeted business of almost 40,000 crores, approximately 3.8% of the market share by the turn of the century.

Courses/Training

After Class XII (PCM/B), the study of pharmacy is at the following levels – Diploma courses are of 2 years' duration, degree courses of 4 years' duration.
After graduate degree in pharmacy, M Pharma course of 2 years' duration can b undertaken.
Graduates in pharmacy can opt to do postgraduate study in biotechnology, particularly if they aspire to become research scientists.

Diploma holders can find work work as technicians.
Graduate pharmacists can opt for retail and hospital jobs.
Postgraduates and doctorates are selected for research, production, quality control and management positions.
Those with B. Pharm and above can work in production section in pharmaceutical companies, product marketing, quality control, research, etc. They are also employed by large hospitals and research centres. There is a demand for pharmacists in western countries also, and many Indians have fared well in this field abroad.

Placements And Prospects

Those opting for D. Pharm. are employed in the above organizations at a lower level, and they also find vast avenues of employment in pharmacies and medical shops, for whom it is compulsory by law to employ a pharmacist.

Pharmacists work in four areas:

Hospital pharmacist – The tasks:Procure, stock, prepare and dispense medicines, drugs and other medical accessories. Undertake responsibility for stock control, storage, placing orders, labelling and financial budgeting and account-keeping for the dispensary. The pharmacists are expected to meet patients, doctors and nurses to discuss the supply of medicines and the appropriate form of drugs for administration.
Retail pharmacists – The tasks:In medical retail stores, the pharmacist prepares and dispenses drugs on prescription to the general consumer With the growing availability of pre-packaged doses, the pharmacist monitors the drug sale on the basis of prescriptions and dosages, and gives over the counter advice on how to use prescribed drugs

In the retail sector, pharmacists run chemist's shops As medical representatives, they inform and educate the medical practitioners of the potential uses of the drug or health product and its administration along with side effects or precautions for its use. The job entails regular visits to medical practitioners, hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, health centres. There is usually a lot of touring to be done.
Industrial pharmacists – While most firms are involved in the production of preformulated preparations, a growing number of firms are developing new formulations through autonomous research work. Industrial pharmacists carry out clinical trials, where drugs are tested for safety and effectiveness work in research and development to develop new formulations the production job entails management and supervision of the production process, packaging, storage and delivery work in marketing, sales and quality control.
Research pharmacists - Research pharmacists are engaged in research activities in pharmaceutical firms, research organisations and laboratories.


For Diploma in Pharmacy
As a Pharmacist in Govt/Semi Govt/Private Hospitals.
They can start their own Medical Store.
For Bachelor in Pharmacy
As a Medical representative or a medical detailing man.
Marketing Managers or a Sales Manager.
Drug Inspectors.
Drug Controllers.
Graduate Pharmacist
Chief Pharmacist.
As Lecturers for D.Pharm and B.Pharm Colleges etc.
For Masters in Pharmacy:
As Lecturers for B.Pharm Colleges.
Basic degree for Ph.D.,
Research Assistant or Research Associate etc.
Pharmacy teachers with B.Pharma having put in 5 years of minimum teaching experience in any institution approved by AICTE are also eligible for M.Pharma course.

The prospects-
Registered pharmacists work in health centres, hospitals and medical dispensing stores, in pharmaceutical industry, in the manufacturing, analytical and research and development divisions. They also work in drug control administration as Drug Inspector, Analytical Chemist, in the Customs office experts on drugs and pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Supplies and Rehabilitation as Assistant Director of Supplies, medical representatives and executives in pharmaceutical sale divisions.

A number of multinational companies like Hoechst, E Merck and Smith Kline Beecham are collaborating with leading Indian companies as well as government labs, thus offering many job options for qualified professionals. Most large pharmaceutical firms have research divisions requiring skilled manpower. Fresh postgraduates and Ph Ds are recruited as analytical research scientists/associates or as product development research associates.

The Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Lucknow; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune; the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad also employ researchers.

Drug and pharmaceutical firms employ graduates, postgraduates and doctorates with a background in pharmaceuticals as management trainees for their production units, operations, as well as for quality control and quality certification. With adequate experience, these people rise to senior management positions. More than 20,000 industries manufacturing drugs and pharmaceuticals exist in India, employing almost 1.5 million people.

What is Dyslexia

What is Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a difficulty in learning to read, speak, or write. It is a difference in brain organization that is present at birth & results in a struggle when trying to learn, remember, or express information. It is a learning disability that alters the way the brain processes written material. The effects of the disorder vary from person to person. In fact, the only common trait among people with dyslexia is that they read at levels significantly lower than typical for people of their age and intelligence.
Experts say it occurs in up to 15% of the general population. Although dyslexia continues through life, it is very possible to learn to deal effectively with dyslexia & accomplish high levels of success.
The most universal problems are:
weak recognition of numbers, letters & words
difficulty remembering numbers & letters in sequence
poor manipulation of numbers & letters
poor spelling
To suspect a diagnosis of dyslexia, a cluster of symptoms must be evidenced - not just one symptom. Symptoms may appear different in childhood or in adolescence & adulthood.
Dyslexia can result in a severe loss of self-esteem, limited friendships, & failure in school & career.
These effects can be prevented by:
early diagnosis
special remediation using multisensory techniques
teaching of coping skills
Dyslexia Is ...
not a sign of poor intelligence
not the result of laziness or of not caring
not a disease
cannot be cured with pills or diets
not an eye problem
not outgrown


but... dyslexics can learn how to learnthe good news is that with appropriate education, understanding, & time, many dyslexics learn to read & write & to develop their special abilities & talents. Many successful people: scientists, artists, athletes & world leaders have dyslexia.
Dyslexia is difficulty with language. For people with dyslexia, intelligence is not the problem. The problem is language.
People with dyslexia may struggle with reading, spelling, understanding language they hear, or expressing themselves clearly in speaking or in writing.
An unexpected gap exists between their potential for learning and their school achievement.
Typical responses when people find out that they or someone they know is dyslexic include dismay and anxiety – like the feelings people have when they find out they have a serious disease. Dyslexia is not a disease, but it is a lifelong problem that presents challenges that need to be overcome daily. The good news is that with proper diagnosis, appropriate education, hard work and support from family, friends, teachers and others, people who are dyslexic can lead successful and productive lives.
The first step in helping a person with dyslexia is to give emotional support and understanding. That’s one reason why you’re here right now – to find out how you can give that support. And that’s why we have this website – to help you with information and support.