B. PHARMA-III SEMESTER REVISED SYLLABUS

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
B. PHARMA-III SEMESTER
PHARMACEUTICS –III (PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING-I) PY- 301Unit operations and processes, Material and energy balances, Dimensionless equations:
formulas and groups.
1. Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction:
Factors affecting the material selection for pharmaceutical plants, Physical: Chemical,
Mechanical properties and use of the important materials of construction with special
reference to Ferrous metals, Copper, Aluminum, Nickel, Glass, Plastics and their alloys Heat
and Corrosion resistant alloys.
2. Corrosion and its Prevention:
General considerations, Types of Corrosion, Methods of reducing Corrosion, Simple
mathematical problems.
3. Industrial Hazards and Safety measures:
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Fire and Dust Hazards, Safety requirements, Legal
requirements, Industrial dermatitis.
4. Fluid Flow:
Fluid statics, Manometers, Types of flow, Reynold’s Number and its significance, Concept of
boundary layers, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Measurement of flow of – fluids,
Valves.
5. Material Handling Systems:
Liquid handling: Different types of pumps.
Solid handling: Conveyors
6. Heat Transfer:
Heat transfer mechanisms, Heat transfer by conduction, Fourier’s law, Natural and forced
convection, Surface and overall heat transfer coefficients, Heat transfer by radiation, Heaters and
heat exchangers.
7. Humidity, Air- Conditioning and Refrigeration:
Basic concepts and definitions of various terms, Psychometric charts, Wet bulb theory,
Measurement of humidity, Application of humidity measurement, air-conditioning and
refrigeration in Pharmacy.
8. Automated Process Control Systems:
Process variables, Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Level and Vacuum and their measurements.
Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Determine the corrosion rate of different materials
2. Determine the corrosion rate of the metal in different environments
3. Calibrate a venturimeter and interpret the energy losses graphically.
4. Determine the rate of heat transfer using different materials.
5. Calculate the humidity at different places using dry bulb and wet bulb temperature
method.
6. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of the given condenser
7. Determine the water vapour permeability across the given packaging material.
8. Determine the nature of flow of fluid and Reynolds Number by using Reynolds
apparatus.
9. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by orifice meter.
10. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by venturimeter.
11. Determine the pressure difference by simple and differential manometers.
12. Correlate falling factors and Reynolds Number using given pipe line assembly.
13. Determine the enlargement losses, contraction losses and friction losses in a fluid flowing
through a pipe.
14. Calculate the coefficient of discharge at orifice using orifice meter.
Books Recommended:
1. J.F.Richardson and J.M. Coulron: Chemical Engineering
2. Walter L. Badger and J.T. Banchero: Introduction to Chemical Engineering
3. Perry: Handbook of Chemical Engineering
4. Lauer & Heckmann: Chemical Engineering Techniques
5. Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering
6. S.J. Carter: Tutorial Pharmacy
7. N.D.Bhatt: Elementary Engineering Drawing.
8. McCabe W.L. and Smith J.C. Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering Mc Graw Hill
International Book Co., London.
9. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers, New Delhi
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & HEALTH EDUCATION- II (PY-302)
1. Digestive system:
Gross anatomy and histology of the gastrointestinal system, Functions of its different
parts, Oral cavity, Oesophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine,
large intestine.
Various gastrointestinal secretions, its regulation and their role in the absorption and
digestion of food.
Overview of Disorders of digestive system, dental caries disease, periodontal cirrhosis,
hepatitis, gallstones, anorexia, peptic ulcers, appendicitis, gastrointestinal tumors.
2. Central Nervous System:
Nevrohumoral transmission in the CNS
Organization of nervous systems. Histology and physiology of neurons.
Structure and function of brain and spinal cord, specialized function of cranial and spinal
nerves. Reflex action, Neurotransmitter in brain, Electroencephalogram.
Overview of CNS disorders : Parkinsorin’s disease, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis
multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, dyslexia, Trigeminal neuralgia, headache, Reyes syndrome,
Alzheimer’s Disease, Neuritis, Sciatica.
3. The sensory, motor and integrative systems.
4. Autonomic Nervous system:
Structure and physiology of Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic and
parasympathetic).
Visceral autonomic reflexes, control by higher centers
5. Urinary System:
Structure and functions of the kidney and urinary tract, Physiology of urine formation,
acid-base balance.
Overview of urinary system disorders : Gout, cystitis, nephrosis, Renal failure,
glomerulonephritis , Urinary tract infection.
6. Endocrine system:
Endocrine glands, chemistry of hormones, mechanism of hormonal action, control of
hormonal secretion (Feed back mechanism) Anatomy and physiology of Pituitary,
thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, Pineal, their hormones
and fuctions.
Overview of endocrine system disorders : Pituitary dwarfism, giantism, acromegaly,
diabetes insipidus, cretinism, myxedema, exophthalmic goiter, aldosteronism, Addison’s
disease, Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma , Diabetes mellitus.
7. Reproductive system:
Structure and function of made reproductive system testes, ductus epididymis vas
deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, gland, bulbourethral,
glands, penis, Hormones of male system and their regulation. Spermatogenesis, semen
Structure and function of female reproductive system, ovaries, uterine tubes, Vagina,
Vulva, mammary glands, Endocrine relations’ Menstrual and ovarian cycles Oogenesis,
coitus, Fertilization, pregnancy – its maintenance and parturition.
Overview of Reproductive system disorders : Sexually transmitted diseases, Gonorrhea,
Syphilis, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Prostatis impotence, infertility, Menstrual,
abnormalities (Amenorrhea, dysmenorrheal) Ovarian cysts, endometriosis, cervical
cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer.
8. Sense Organ:
Basic anatomy, Physiology of eye (Vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell) and
skin (superficial receptors).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. To study human digestive system with help of chart and models and study histology
of salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, Pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intentine.
2. To study human urinary system with help of chart and models study histology of
nephron, urinary bladder, Ureter.
3. To study male and female reproductive system with help of chart and models and study
histology of testes, ductus, epididymis, ovary, uterus, mammary glands.
4. To study brain and spinal cord with help of chart and models and study histology of
cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord.
5. To study structure and physiology of special senses.
6. To study structure and physiology of Eye.
7. To study structure and physiology of Ear.
8. To study structure and physiology of Skin.
9. To study structure and physiology of Taste buds.
10. To study structure and physiology of Nose.
11. To perform urine analysis for physiological (normal) constituent present in urine
sample
12. To study pathological (abnormal) constituent in the urine sample.
13. To perform quantitative test for presence of glucose in urine sample.
Books Recommended:
1. Gerard J. Tortora and Nicholas P. Anagnostakos; Principles of Anatomy and
physiology.Harper and Row publishers, New York.
2. Sujit K. Chaudhuri: Concise Medical Physiology.
3. Kathleen J.W., Wilson Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness
4. Arthur C. Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology.
5. Cyril A. Keele, Erie Neil, Norman Joels and Samson Wrights: Applied Physiology
6. Chatterjee, C.C, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, Calcutta.
7. Shalya, Subhas, Human Physiology CBS publisher Delhi.
8. Ross and Wilson, Human anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone London.
9. Chaurasia, B.D, Human anatomy, Regional and applied. , CBS publisher New Delhi
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY IV (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II) - PY-303
1. Photochemistry and Pericyclic reaction:
Theory-energy transfer-characteristics of photoreactions – typical photoreaction.
Electrocyclic reaction–sigmatropic rearrangement cycloaddition reactions. Neighboring
group effect, Catalysis by transition metal complexes.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry:
Nomenclature of Heterocycles:
Nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) for monocyclic (three, four, five, six and large
membered), fused and bridged heterocycles.
Aromatic and Non-aromatic Heterocycles:
General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural type),
Heteroaromatic reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic heterocycles, Strain–bond angle
and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring heterocycles
Synthesis, chemical reactivity and medicinal application of the following heterocycles
Three and four-membered heterocycles: Aziridines and azetidines
Five membered hetero cycles: Furan, thiophen, pyrrole, pyrazole, oxazole, imidazole,
triazole.
Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Heterocycles: Benzimidazole, benzthiazole and benztriazole.
Six-Membered Heterocycles with One, Two or More Heteroatoms: Pyridine and
Pyrimidine.
Fused heterocycles: Quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, coumarins.
3. Organic Compounds with functional group containing nitrogen
Structure, nomenclature of nitro and cyano compounds.
Nitro compounds: Important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions.
Cyanides and isocyanides: preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
4. Structure, Nomenclature and reactivity of Sulphur containing compounds
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Synthesis and Characterization of – Benzthiazole.
2. Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline.
3. Synthesis and Characterization of Benzimidazole.
4. Synthesis and Characterization of triazoles.
5. Synthesis and Characterization of pyrimidines.
6. Synthesis and Characterization of acridines.
7. Synthesis and Characterization of cuomarins.
8. Synthesis and Characterization of azipine.
9. Synthesis and Characterization of oxazole.
10. Synthesis and Characterization of picric acid.
11. Synthesis and Characterization of 3- nitro benzaldyhyde.
12. Synthesis and Characterization of 2 – mercapto oxadiazole.
13. Synthesis and Characterization of thiazolidinedione.
14. To perform the reduction of aromatic nitor group 2- amino group (Nitro benzene to
aniline, nitrobenzoic acid to amino benzoic acid, etc)
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry, J.A. Joule, K. Mills and G.F. Smith, Chapman and Hall.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry, T.L. Gilchrist, Longman Scietific Technical
4. Contemporay Heterocyclic Chemistry, G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler, Wiley-Inter
Science.
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3, R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Verlag
6. An introduction to the Heterocyclic Compounds, R.M. Acheson, John Wiley
7. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A.R. Katritzky and C.W. Rees, eds. Pergamon
8. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J.Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B.
9. Hobbs, D.V. Banthrope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
10. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, I.L. Finar, ELBS.
11. Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, M. Nogradi, VCH
12. Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry by J. J. Li. Wiley, 2005.
13. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin
14. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox and T. Camp, McGraw Hill
15. Photochemistry, R.P. Kundall and A. Gilbert, Thomson Nelson
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY - PY 304
1. Introduction to the Science of Microbiology:
Historical development, contribution of great scientists and scope of microbiology.
2. Microbiology Taxonomy: Classification of Bacteria and Viruses
3. Identification of Microbes:
• Working of different types of microscopes, electron microscopy, stains and types of
staining techniques.
• Structure and Morphology of bacteria and viruses.
• Nutritional requirements, Cultivation and isolation of bacteria and viruses.
4. Microbial genetics and variation.
5. Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:
a. Disinfection: factors influencing disinfection, dynamics of disinfection.
b. Disinfectants and antiseptics, and their evaluation
c. Sterilization: Different methods, Validation of sterilization methods and
equipments.
6. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products.
7. Infection and factors influencing infection: Immunity, Primary and Secondary defensive
mechanism of body, Microbial resistance, Interferon.
8. Microbial diseases: Brief outline of communicable diseases. Their causative agents,
Mode of transmission and prevention – Chicken pox, Measles, influenza, Diphtheria,
Whooping, cough, Tulberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Cholera, Typhoid, Food
poisoning, Helminthiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Rabies, Trachoma, Tetanus, Syphilis,
Gonorrhoea and AIDS.
9. Microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
10. Food spoilage and Preservation of food.
11. Sewage and Sewage disposal: Industrial Sewage, Sewage treatment methods, BOD,
COD etc.
LIST OF PRACTICALS
(All practicals are compulsory)
1. Study the motility of the given sample of microorganism by hanging drop technique.
2. Identify the given sample of organism by simple staining technique
3. Identify the given sample of organism by Gram staining technique
4. Identify the given sample of organism by negative staining.
5. Identify the bacteria by performing IMViC test.
6. Prepare various types of culture media (Nutrient broth, nutrient agar, fluid thioglycolate
media etc)
7. Prepare subculture of the given sample of microorganism by aseptic transfer technique.
8. Evaluate the given sample of disinfectant by R.W. Coefficient test.
9. Determine the sterility of the given sample by filtration method.
10. Determine the sterility of the given sample by direct inoculation method.
11. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by filter paper disc method.
12. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by cup plate method.
13. Assay the given sample of vitamin microbiologically.
.Books Recommended
1. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific publications,
Oxford London.
2. Malcolm Harris, Balliere Tindall and Cox: Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
3. Gilbert S.Banker and Christopher T. Rhodes: Modern Pharmaceutics.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Pelczar and Reid: Microbiology.
6. Dawson and Mirne: Immunological and Blood products.
7. Rose: Industrial Microbiology.
8. Prescot and Dunn: Industrial Microbiology.
9. Probisher, Hinsdill et al: Fundamentals of Microbiology, 9th ed. Japan
10. Cooper and Gunn’s: Tutorial Pharmacy
11. Peppler: Microbial Technology.
12. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.- latest editions
13. Edward: Fundamentals of Microbiology
14. N.K.Jain: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi
PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Theory) -PY 305
1. General methods of, isolations classification chemical properties and chemical tests and
systematic pharmacognostical studies of
a) Glycosides, and drugs belongs to this class: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea,
Sarasaparilla, Senega, Digitalis, Squill, Rhubarb, Cascara, Aloe, Senna, Psorelea, Gentian,
Saffron, Chirata, Quassia, Thevetia, Mustard, Picrorrhiza
b) Volatile oils and drugs belongs to this class: Dill, Fennel, Coriander, Caraway, Cassia
bark, Cinnamon bark, Clove, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Musk, Palmrosa, Gaultheria, Valerian, Black
Pepper, Lemon grass, Sandal wood Orange peel, Henna.
2. Enzymes, Biological sources, preparation, properties, identification tests and uses of Diastase,
Papain, Pepsin, Trypsin and Pancreatin.
3. Plant bitters and Sweetners.
4. Biological Source, identification characters chemical constituents and therapeutics uses of
traditional drugs like: Kantkari, Satavari, Guduchi, Punarnava, Chitrak, Apamarga, Gokhru,
Shankhpushpi, Adusa, Brahmi, Methi, Garlic Nagarmotha, Neem, Shilajit Kapur kachari, Acorus
5. The holistic concept of drug administration in Ayurvedic and Traditional system of medicine.
Introduction to preparations like Asava, Arishta, Tailas, Churnas, Lepas, Lehyas and Bhasmas
and their evaluation schemes.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Morphological identification of Senna pod, Squill Aloe, Senega
2. Morphological identification of Satavari, Guduchi, Apamarga Gokharu
3. Morphological identification of Nagarmotha, Neem, Garlic, Methi seed
4. Morphological identification of Nutmeg, Cardamom fruits and seeds.
5. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Senna leaf.
6. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Liquorice.
7. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Rhubarb.
8. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Dill & Fennel.
9. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Caraway & Coriander.
10. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Cinnamon bark & clove.
11. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drug by morphological,
microscopical & chemical evaluation of senna cinnamon Rhubarb Coriander.
12. General studies of marketed formulations.
Books Recommended:
1. C.K. Kokate, Gokhale and Purohit, A Text Book of Phamacognosy, Nirali Prakashan,
Pune
2. S.S. Handa and V.K. Kapoor, Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakash, Delhi
3. G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans, Pharmacognosy (India Reprint J. P. Publication, Delhi)
4. T.E.Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, C.B.S. Publication, Delhi
5. V.E. Tylor, L.R.Brady & J.E. Robbers, Lea & Febiger Philadelphia, U.S.A.
6. C.K.Atal and B.M. Kapoor, Cultivation & Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Council of
Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi
7. Medicinal Plant Glycosides – Sim, Toranto
8. C.S.Shah & J.S.Quadry, A Text Book of Pharmacognosy

Forever Friends

Sometimes in life,

you find a special friend;

Someone who changes your life

just by being part of it.

Someone who makes you laugh

until you can't stop;

Someone who makes you believe

that there really is good in the world.

Someone who convinces you

that there really is an unlocked doorjust

waiting for you to open it.

KNOWLEDGE

A man of knowledge increage the strength

Brain power is better then muscle power

Dress does not give knowledge

Knowledge is better then wealth
You have to look after wealth knowledge looks after you

Knowledge is the body of culture,
Under standing is its soul

Profit is inherited, knowledge is not

Some knowledge comes from the head and some come from the heart

FRIENDSHIP

"What is a friend? A single soul, dwelling in two bodies" - AristotleTrue friendship is perhaps the only relation that survives the trials and tribulations of time and remains unconditional.

A unique blend of affection, loyalty, love, respect, trust and loads of fun is perhaps what describes the true meaning of friendship. Similar interests, mutual respect and strong attachment with each other are what friends share between each other.

These are just the general traits of a friendship. To experience what is friendship, one must have true friends, who are indeed rare treasure.

Friendship is a feeling of comfort and emotional safety with a person. It is when you do not have to weigh your thoughts and measure words, before keeping it forth before your friend. It is when someone knows you better than yourself and assures to be your side in every emotional crisis.

It is when you can sleep fighting and get another morning with a better understanding. Friendship is much beyond roaming together and sharing good moments, it is when someone comes to rescue you from the worst phase of life. Friendship is eternal. Different people have different definitions of friendship. For some, it is the trust in an individual that he / she won't hurt you. For others, it is unconditional love.

There are some who feel that friendship is companionship. People form definitions based on the kind of experiences they have had. This is one relation that has been nurtured since time immemorial. There are famous stories about friends in mythologies of different religions all over the world. They say a person who has found a faithful friend has found a priceless treasure. Psychologically speaking, friendship may be defined as 'a dynamic, mutual relationship between two individuals.

As children become friends, they negotiate boundaries within which both partners function'. This helps them to function like healthy individuals in life as they learn to draw a line as and when needed in a relation. This greatly helps in the emotional development of an individual.

However, any relation needs constant nurturing and development from all the people that are involved in one. Friendship cannot survive if one person makes all the effort to sustain it without any mutual recognition from others. Since friendship starts the moment a child starts socializing, the kind of friends that the child chooses should be taken care of till the time he / she learns to differentiate between right and wrong. Wrong peers or lack of socializing can lead to severe psychological traumas and disorders, finally leading to social maladjustment. The correct peer group is essential for the development of the personality of a child.

Both positive and negative experiences refine the personality of the individual.

Thus it is essential that you find friends who are compatible with you on an emotional and psychological basis.

B.Pharma IInd Semester Revised syllabus

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
B. PHARMA-II SEMESTER

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS PY-201
1. Differential equations and its Applications: Revision of integral calculus,
definition and formation of differential equations, equations of first order and first
degree, variable separable, homogeneous and linear differential equations and
equations reducible to such types, linear differential equations of order greater
than one with constant coefficients, complementary function and particular
Integral, Simultaneous linear differential equations, pharmaceutical applications.
2. Laplace Transforms: Definition, transforms of elementary functions, properties
of linearity and shifting, inverse Laplace transforms, transforms of derivatives,
solution of ordinary and simultaneous differential equations.
3. Biometrics: Significant digits and rounding of numbers, data collection, random
and non-random sampling methods, sample size, data organization, diagrammatic
representation of data, bar, pie, 2-D and 3-D diagrams, measures of central
tendency, measures of dispersion, standard deviation, standard error of means,
coefficient of variations, confidence (fiducial) limits.
4. Probability: probability and events, Bayes theorem, probability theorems,
probability distributions, elements of binomal and poisson distribution, normal
distribution curve and properties,
5. Correlation and regression: Method of least squares, statistical inference,
Student’s and paired t-test, F-test and elements of ANOVA, kurtosis and
skewness, Applications of statistical concepts in Pharmaceutical Sciences.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Paria G., Ordinary Differential Equations with Laplace transform, Scholar’s
Publications, Indore.
2. Paria G., Differential Calculus, Scholar’s Publications, Indore.
3. Paria G., Integral Calculus, Scholar’s Publications, Indore.
4. Paria G., Statistics and Stochastic Process Part I and II, Scholar’s Publications,
Indore.
5. Baisnab A, and M Jas, Introduction to statistics.
PHARMACEUTICS-II PY-202 (PHYSICAL PHARMACY)
1. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology: Introduction, Particle size and size
distribution: Average particle size, particle size distribution, number and weight
distribution, particle number; Methods for determination particle size: optical
microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; introduction to latest technique in particle
analysis Particle volume measurement; Particle shape and surface area: particle
shape, specific surface; Methods for determining surface area: adsorption method,
air permeability method, pore size; Derived properties of powders: Porosity,
packing arrangement, densities of powder, bulkiness and flow properties,
Compaction: Compressed tablet, Pharmaceutical application.
2. Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon: General principles: the phase rule,
solubility expressions; Solvent-solute interaction: polar solvents, nonpolar
solvents, semipolar solvents; Solubility of gases in liquids: Effect of pressure,
temperature, salting out, effect of chemical reaction; Solubility of liquids in
liquids: Ideal and real solution, complete miscibility, partial miscibility, influence
of foreign substance, three component systems, dielectric constant and solubility,
molecular connectivity, molecular surface are and solubility; Solubility of solids
in liquids: Ideal solutions, Phase diagrams and the ideal solubility equation,
nonideal solution, extended Hildebrand solubility approach, salvation and
association in solutions of polar compounds, solubility and the heat of solution,
solubility of strong electrolytes, solubility of slightly soluble electrolytes,
solubility of weak electrolyte, the influence of solvents on the solubility on the
solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents, influence of surfactants;
Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents.
3. Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Liquid interfaces: surface and interfacial
tensions, surface free energy. Measurement of surface and interfacial tensions:
Capillary rise method, The DuNouy Ring Method. Adsorption at liquid interfaces:
surface active agents, Systems of Hydrophile - Lipofile classification, Type of
mono-layers at liquid interfaces. Adsorption at solid interface, the solid-gas
interface, the solid-liquid interface, Activated Charcoal, Wetting, Application of
surface-active agents, Electric properties of interfaces.
4. Diffusion and Dissolution: Concept of diffusion, Study state diffusion: Fick’s first
law, Fick’s second law, study state, Procedure and apparatus. Dissolution:
dissolution rate, dissolution of tablets, capsules and granules, Powder Dissolution:
The Hixson-Crowell cube Root Law. Drug release: Drugs in polymer matrices,
release from granular matrices, multilayer diffusion, membrane control and
diffusion layer control phenomenon, diffusion principle in biological system.
5. Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian Systems: Newton’s Law of flow; kinematics
viscosity; Temperature dependence and theory of viscosity. Non-Newtonian
Systems: plastic flow, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Thixotropy: measurement
thixotropy, Bulges and spurs, Negative thixotropy, Thixotropy in formulations.
Determination of Rheologic properties: choice of viscometer, Capillary
viscometer, Falling sphere viscometer, Cup and bob viscometer, Cone and plate
Viscometer, Pharmaceutical application of Rheology.
6. Complexation and protein binding: Classification of complexes, methods of
preparation and analysis, Pharmaceutical applications. Protien binding: Binding
equilibria, equilibrium dialysis and ultrafilration, dyanamic dialysis, hydrophobic
interaction, self-association, factors affecting complexation and protein binding.
7. Buffered and isotonic solutions: The buffer equation: Common Ion Effect and the
Buffer Equation for a weak Acid and its slat, The buffer equation for a weak base
and its salt. Factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions. Buffer capacity:
Calculation of buffer capacity. Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic
system: In vivo biologic buffer systems, Pharmaceutical buffers, influence of
buffer capacity and pH on Tissue Irritation, pH and Solubility. Buffered isotonic
solutions: Measurement of tonicity, tonicity calculations, Methods of adjusting
isotonicity and pH.
8. Colloids: Introduction to the dispersed System, Types of colloidal systems, Optical
properties of the colloids, kinetic properties of the colloids, electrical properties of
the colloids, Solubilization, Pharmaceutical application of the colloids, advanced
thermodynamics of Micellization.
9. Coarse Dispersion: Suspension: Interfacial properties of suspended particles,
Settling in suspensions: theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian Movement,
Sedimentation of flocculated particles, Sedimentation parameters. Formulation of
suspensions: Wetting of particles, Controlled flocculation, Flocculation in
Structured Vehicles, Rheologic consideration, Preparation of suspensions,
Physical stability of suspensions. Emulsions: Emulsion types, Pharmaceutical
applications, Theories of emulsification, Physical stability of emulsions,
Preservation of emulsions, Rheologic properties of emulsions. Semi-solids: Gels,
Syneresis and swelling, Classification of Pharmaceutical semisolids, Hydrophilic
properties of Semisolids, Rheologic properties of semisolids, Universe of Topical
Medications. Drug Kinetics in Coarse disperse system, Drug Diffusion in Coarse
Disperse Systems.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Minimum fifteen experiments should be performed in the semester. Student
should aware with safety parameters and handling of chemicals related to
following experiments)
1. Determine the particle size and particle size distribution in the given sample of
powder by optical microscopy.
2. Determine particle size distribution of the given granules by sieving method.
3. Determine the following derived properties of the given powdered sample
(a) Flow property (b) Bulk density (c) Granule density
(d) True density (e) Porosity (f) Carr’s Index
(g) hussnor’s retio
4. Determine the surface tension of the given sample by drop count and drop weight
Method.
5. Determine the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the given surfactant by
Surface tension method.
6. Determine partition coefficient of the given drug between benzene and water or octanol
and water system
7. Plot phase diagram of phenol-water system
8. Determine the effect of salt on the solubility of given drug.
9. Determine the percent composition of an unknown solution of glycerin in water using
Ostwald’s viscometer
10. Study the effect of shear rate on the flow of 1% methyl cellulose solution.
11. Formulate suspension of the given drug and evaluate it for sedimentation parameters.
12. Study the effect of thickening agent concentration on the sedimentation of the suspension
of the given drug.
13. Prepare acetate buffer and compare theoretical pH value with the experimental value.
14. Determine the viscosity of the following Newtonian and Non-Newtonian system
(a) Water (b) Simple syrup I.P.
(c) Diclofenac gel (d) Tooth paste
15. Determine the HLB value of the given surfactant
16. Evaluate the given sample of emulsion on the following parameters
(a) Type of emulsion (b) Globule size distribution
(c) Physical stability (d) Viscosity
17. Determine the optimum concentration of Bentonite required for the maximum
physical stability of calamine lotion.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A. and Kanig, J.L., The Theory and Pratice of
Industrial Pharmacy, Lea and Philadelphia.
2. Allen, L.V., Popovich, N.G., Ansel, H.C., Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
and Drug Delivery Systems, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
3. Banker G.S. and Rhode C.T., Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcell Decker Inc., New
York.
4. Aulton, M.E., Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage Form Design, Churchill
Livingstone, London.
5. Carter, S.J., Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
6. Martin A., Physical Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
7. Gennaro, A.R., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III PY-203 (ORGANIC-I)
1. Structure and Properties: Electronegativity, Polarity, Resonance;
Electrophiles/Nucleophiles, Orbitals, ð-Bonds, Hybridization and Shape,
Isomerism, Polarity, Intermolecular Forces, isotope effects and isotopic labelling.
2. Reactive Intermediates: Stability and reactivity of Radicals, Cations, Anions,
Nitrene and Nitrenium ion
3. Stereochemistry: Stereo-isomerism, classification and Nomenclature, Optical
activity, Chirality, R/S Classification of Chiral Carbons. Miscellaneous
Stereochemistry, Diastereomers; Racimic modification, Resolution of racimic
mixtures.
4. Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, Physical and chemical
properties of alkanes, Conformations and Stability of Acyclic Alkanes and
Cycloalkanes.
Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature, Physical and Chemical properties of
alkenes, isomerism, and general methods of preparation.
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Benzene and its homologues (Polynuclear
compounds), nomenclature, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, structure of
benzene, chemical reaction of benzyne-mechanism and SNAr Mechanism of
nucleophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on
reactivity.
Dienes and the Allyl system: Conjugation, Reactivity.
5. Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens (X):
Nomenclature, Structure, Properties, Reactivity of Alkyl Halides (haloalkanes and
haloarenes): The SN2 and SN1 Substitution Reaction, The E1 and E2 Elimination
Reactions, Substitution vs. Elimination reaction, reactivity of C-X bond in
haloalkanes and haloarenes
6. Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part I-):
Alcohols: Nomenclature, Synthesis, reactivity of different Alcohols; conversion
of Alcohols to Tosylates or Halides.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic
nature of phenol.
Ethers: electronic structure, structure of functional group, nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, some
commercially important compounds.
7. Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part II):
Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature,
important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions,
relative reactivity of aldehydic and ketonic groups, aldol condensation.
nucleophilic addition reaction to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of -COOH, Nomenclature, important
methods of preparation, physical properties and effect of substituents on á-carbon
on acid strength, chemical reactions.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid
anhydride, ester and amide groups, Nomenclature, important methods of
preparation, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives.
8. Organic Compounds with functional group containing Nitrogen: Structure,
Nomenclature of Amino and Diazo Compounds.
Amines: Primary, secondary and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important
methods of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines, chemical
reactions.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reaction and uses of Benzene diazonium
chloride. Some commercially important nitrogen containing carbon compounds,
(Aniline, TNT)
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Purify the given organic compounds by distillation.
2. Purify the given organic compounds by recrystillazation.
3. Introduction to the use of stereo models.
4. Synthesis, Purification, Characterization (by using Solubility, Melting Point,
T.L.C. and percentage purity) of organic compounds and percent yield
calculations of the following compounds:
a) 2, 4, 6-trinitro phenol (Picric acid) from phenol
b) Iodoform from ethyl alcohol
c) 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline from aniline
d) 2, 4, 6-tribromo phenol from phenol
e) Phenylbutazone from phenol
f) Benzanilide from aniline
g) Phthalidimide from phthalic anhydride
h) Thiourea
i) Phenyl urea
j) Flourescein
k) Methly orange
l) Methly red
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 6th Edition, New York.
2. Organic Chemistry, T.W.G. Solomons, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
3. Advanced Organic Chemistry, J. March, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure,
John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
4. Mechanisms and structure in Organic Chemistry, E.S. Gould, Hold Rinchart and
Winston, New York.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Bernard Miller, 2nd
edition, Pearson education Ptc. Ltd. Singapore.
6. Named Organic Reactions, Thomas Lane & Andreas Plagens, 2nd edition, John
Wiley and Sons, N.Y).
7. Organic Chemistry Finar Vol-1 & 2.
8. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Ingold, C. K., Cornell
University.
9. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Eliel, E.L., McGraw Hill, New York.
10. Elements of Stereochemistry, Eliel, E.L., Wiley, New York.
PHARMACOGNOSY-I PY-204
1. Study of following families with spatial reference to medicinally important plants;
apocyanaceae, solanoceae, graminae, labiatae, cruciferae,
papaveraceae,umbelifereae, leguminosae, rubiaceae and liliaceae.
2. Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. Scheme for
pharmacognostical study of crude drug. Sources of crude drugs and methods of
their classification. Traditional and alternative systems of medicines.
3. Cultivation collection, drying, natural drying, artificial drying, processing and
storage of crude drugs. Factors affecting cultivation of medicinal plants like
climate, altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, soils, fertilizers and mannures.
4. Pest control and natural pest control agents. Methods of pest control like
mechanical, agricultural, biological chemical etc.
5. Quality Control of Crude Drugs: Different types of Adulteration and their
evaluation using various methods like Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical,
Chemical, and Biological, Quantitative microscopy.
6. General methods of their isolation, classification, properties and systematic
pharmacognostic study of –
a. Carbohydrates, and drugs belonging to this class like; Agar, Gaur gum,
Acacia, Ghatti gum Honey, Isapgol, Starch, Sterculia, Tragacanth, Bael,
Pectin,
b. Fixed oil, fats and waxes and drugs belonging to this class likes; Castor oil,
Olive oil Linseed oil, Karanj Oil, Neem Oil, Beeswax, Cocoa butter,
Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Cod-liver oil, Shark liver oil, Woolfat, Lard,
Yellow bees wax, Carnauba wax
c. Resins and resin combinations and drugs belonging to this class like;
Podophyllum, Tolu & Peru balsam, Turmeric, Ginger, Ipomoea, Myroballan,
Asafoetida, Benzoin, colophonoy. Capsicum, Canabis, Myrrh, Guggul,
Kaladana,
d. Tannins and drugs belonging to this class like Myrobalan, Bahera, Arjuna
bark, Ashoka bark, Amla, black & Pale catechu.
e. Fibres: Plant fibres, Animal fibre, Synthetic fibres, Minral fibre. Flax, Cotton,
Silk, Wool.
f. Pharmaceutical aids like; Talc, Kaolin, Bentonite, Gelatin, Klesalghur,
Asbestose.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Student should perform Minimum fifteen experiments from following)
1. Study of different types of microscopes, camara lucida.
2. Morphological identification of following drugs Bael, Capsicum, Kaladana,
catechu, guggul, honey.
3. Morphological identification of following drugs Arjuna bark, ashoka bark. Amla.
Ghatugum and Bahera
4. Perform the morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation "Ginger".
5. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Turmeric".
6. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Myroballan".
7. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Agar and Acacia".
8. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Tragacanth".
9. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Isapgol".
10. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Starches obtain from potato,
rice, maize and wheat".
11. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Asafoetida".
12. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Castor oil, linseed oil, olive oil, cod-liver
oil".
13. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of neem oil, coca butter and wool fat.
14. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of lard, bees wax and carnauba.
15. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Bees wax".
16. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of "Benzoin".
17. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "nylon, Silk and Cotton".
18. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Talc and Podophyllum".
19. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of "Peru and Tolu Balsam".
20. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drugs by morphological microscopical and chemical
evaluation.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – C.S.Shah & J.S.Quadry
2. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – T.E. Wallis
3. Pharmacognosy – Trease & Evans
4. Pharmacognosy – Brady & Taylor
5. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – V.K. Kapoor & S.S.Handa
6. Pharmacognosy – C.K.Kokate, A.P.Purohit, S.B.Gokhale.
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION–PY-205
Scope of anatomy and physiology and basic terminology used in these subjects.
1. Structure of cell, its components and their function:
2. Elementary Tissues of the Human Body: Epithelial, connective, muscular and
nervous tissues; their sub-types and characteristics.
3. Skeletal System: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton, Classification
of joints, Types of movement at joint, disorders of joints.
4. Skeletal Muscles: Their gross anatomy, physiology of muscle contraction,
physiological properties of skeletal muscle and their disorders.
5. Haemopoietic System : Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their
disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation;
disorders of platelets and coagulation.
6. Lymph and lymphatic system: Composition, formation and circulation of lymph,
disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basic physiology and functions of
spleen.
7. Cardiovascular System: Basic anatomy of the heart, physiology of heart, blood
vessels and circulation. Basic understanding of cardiac cycle, heart sounds and
electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline of
cardiovascular disorders like; hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina,
myocardial infraction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
8. Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory organs, Functions of respiration,
Mechanism and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes and vital capacity
9. Health Education: First aid: emergency treatment of shock, snake bites, burns,
poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Student should perform all the following experiments)
1. Determine RBC count of the given blood sample
2. Determine WBC count of the given blood sample
3. Determine differential WBC count of the given blood sample
4. Determine platelets count of the given blood sample
5. Determine hemoglobin count of the given blood sample
6. Determine clotting time of the given blood sample.
7. Determine erythrocyte sedimentation rate of the given blood sample
8. Osmotic fragility of the blood.
9. Determine blood group.
10. Study of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue using slide.
11. Study human skeletal system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
12. STUDY of human cardiovascular system with the help of chart, model and
histological slides.
13. Record of blood pressure.
14. To understand ECG, PQRST waves and their signifance.
15. Study of human respiratory system with the help of chart, model and histological
slides.
16. Study of lymphatic system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.

Best Friends Forever

Best Friends Forever
True friendship is found mostly in the male genre because of their proclivity to know when to shut the door or one thing and to start another. That is the great thing about being practical or pragmatic. If a man does not readily see that something is going to work out between two people, he just lets go. He does not drag a relationship out and then blame themselves for the breakup. So true friendship definitely is about the genders.
Women are emotional and may call you a friend one moment and the second moment wants to pull your hair out. That is the woman's perogative to act in the moment either out of love or rage just as long as her emotions are out there and you get exactly how she feels about you.
Aside from the obvious difference in the personalities of men and women, true friendships on rare occasions do bloom between a man and a woman, a woman and another woman and friends to friends. However when the word true is added to the prefix of the root wood love then the definition takes on a totally different characteristic. A true friendship is found more often than not between two men than two women because of the doctrine of power.
Men in power generally share equally while women are caty and a bit jealous if one is forging ahead of the other. This is because women are still deemed the weaker sex even in the light of women liberty movements and in their younger years they have to fight each other to get the males attention. Young women may not realize it but when they wear the top fashions and make themselves beautiful with condiments of cosmetics, they are fighting for a man's attention. A few women may say that they do it for themselves which is fine and dandy however, you will probably be speaking to a mature women instead of a young woman out seeking male companionship.
Women fighting is not on the same playing field as men. Women are fighting to get the man's attention with her beauty, brains, poise, looks and personality. In these modern times, as it is still the male who actually gets to choose who he is going to spend the rest of his life with, he gets to make the selection. While this process is going on there is no room for true friendship. A quick hello and goodbye in passing but two women getting together to pit for one man is unreal. There is bound to be a word far removed from friendship and that is enemy terrritory.
As a woman grows older, she matures to look to herself as her best friend and to be careful who she brings into her cozy corner. The man, however, as he matures is still bringing buddies over for dinner or catching a football games with his true friends. These are his true friends because they are sharing in his company. There is no need for a man to get emotional about a secret that linked out among his friends because most of these men will understand that it was just a leak of information that had no bearing on his friendship with the person.
A woman may not have a lot of true friends but she is in a better position to describe what true love details than a man. The man experiences true friendship yet it is the woman with her delicate nature who can explain verbally what true friendship is. Now if only she can get a smidgen of true friendship from the men's corner of the room. Her soft nature makes it easy for her to understand true friendship though it will be rare that she gets to transform it into love.
A man on the other hand has a more pragmatic way of describing true friendship just as a friendship plain, direct, simple and practical. He would probably say that a friendship is a friendship and the word true have nothing to do with it. In his common sense way of thinking the man's take on friendship may be that there is no such thing as a fake, false or pretend friendship.
Having explained the differences of the sexes betwee friendship and real friendship, let's add one other element to this article about true friendship and that word is empathy. Empathy is when you literally step in the other person's shoes in this case a friend's shoes and feel the exact same way that he or she feels about their present situation. Empathy is genderless and is the simple scientific element that definds true friendship. If you are able to step into the other person's shoes and genuinely feel what he or she is going through then you are a true friend.
As a true friend, you are not looking for a reciprocal because you are only concentrating on what makes the other person happy.
That is a simple and direct explanation of what true friendship is and your chances of finding true friendship should not be your goal in getting involved in a relationship. A true friend is there for the other person and do not look for a return of investment of their feelings of empathy. The odd thing about giving is that when you give you do not think about what you are going to get in return. The act of giving is such a good feeling of true friendship that the reward in in the giving.
To sum this article up about true friendship, men will find true friendship faster than a woman because of their general constitution of being the go-to person equipped with something that is not always found in women and that is pragmatism or just being practical instead of emotional. True friendship encompasses the word empathy meaning that you are able to feel where the other person is coming from and is there in time of need and in time of happiness.
Giving is what people do out of true friendship and the task of giving have not reciprocation. Giving people in a true friendship should not be looking for a payback for their empathy and genuine concern for another.
True friendship just like true love is hard to find

INTRODUCTION TO AROMATIC WATERS

Aromatic waters are clear aqueous solution saturated with volatile Oils (e.g. rose oil, Peppermint oil, orother aromatic or volatile substances eg. camphor. Their odours and taste are of those of the drugs or
volatile substances from which they are prepared.
Aromatic waters may be used for perfuming, . avoring or for special purposes for eg.
1. Camphor water has been used as the vehicle in ophthalmic solutions owning to its ability to contribute
refreshing, stimulating effect to the preparation.
2. Hamamelis water known as witch hazel is employed as a rub, perfume and as an astringent in
various cosmetic preparations, particularly in after-shave lotions.

1.Distillation Method:

The distillation method involves the placing of the coarsely ground odoriferous portion of the plant
or drug from which the aromatic water is to be prepared in a suitable still, with suf. cient puri. ed
water. Most of the volume of water is then distilled. The excess oils collected with the distillate rises
to the top of the aqueous product and are removed. The remaining aqueous solutions, saturated
with volatile material require clari. cation by . ltration.

2. Solution Method:

Aromatic water is prepared by intermittently shaking 2ml (if liquid) or 2gm (if solid) of the volatile
substance with 1000ml of puri. ed water in suitable container for period of 15 minutes. After the
period of agitation the mixture is set aside for 12 hours or longer to permit the excess oil and the
solid substance to settle. Without further agitation the mixture is passed through a wetted . lter
paper and puri. ed water added as needed to bring the volume of the . ltrate upto the prescribed
quantity.

3.Alternative solution Method:

By this method the volatile oil or suitably comminuted aromatic solid is thoroughly incorporated
with 15gms of talc and to this mixture is added 1000ml of puri. ed water. The resulting slurry is
thoroughly agitated several times for the period of 30 minutes and then . ltered.
Preparation of concentrated Aromatic water:
These products are alcoholic non aqueous preparations containing 2% of volatile oils They are forty
times stronger than the ordinary aromatic waters. Many volatile oils contain aromatic part and non-aromatic
part. The aromatic portion is much more soluble in a weak alcohol than the non-aromatic portion.
Hence when a solution of the oil in 90% alcohol is diluted with a limited amount of water the aromatic portion
of the oil remains in solution while the non-aromatic portion is precipitated off, separating as an oily
layer. Therefore 50gms of talc is added for 1000ml of preparation which acts as a distributing agent, and
will absorbs the non-aromatic part. The solution is agitated and set aside for a few hours and . ltered.
Storage: Aromatic water deteoriate with time and it should be made in small quantities and protected
from intense light and excessive heat and stored in airtight, light resistance container.
Note for teacher: Any other of. cial aromatic water can be done beside the preparation given in the
manual for these experiments

1 Title: To prepare, evaluate and submit 100ml of Chloroform Water I.P. by Simple Solution Method.
(Read the Introduction of Aromatic Waters.)

2.purpose Different types of solutions, volumetric measurement

3.New concepts: Proposition 1: Pharmaceutical Aid

Preparation used as an excipient or base or vehicle for formulation of other pharmaceutical
preparations.


Proposition 3: Storage: Aromatic waters are stored in air tight, light resistant container.

4 Apparatus: Glass Beaker (250 ml), Volumetric Cylinder (100 ml), Volumetric Pipette (1ml).
5 Step wise procedure:

It is saturated solution of chloroform in puri. ed water .The solubility of chloroform is 1 in 800 parts
of water.
1. Measure the required quantity of chloroform.
Pharmaceutics - I Experiment No. 3
2. Add suf. cient quantity of puri. ed water to make the required volume with constant stirring
so that chloroform gets uniformly mixed.
Dose: 15 to 30 ml
Category: Pharmaceutical Aid.
Storage: store in airtight container in cool place away from light.

7 Labeling of formulation:

(Students shall write all aspects of labeling in the space provided below.)

8 Observation and evaluation:

9 Result:

…………ml of ………………………………………………………………………….. preparation is
submitted in ……………………………………………. container with neat label.