Pharmaceutics- IV (Pharmaceutical Engineering – II) (PY-401)
Size Reduction and Size Separation- Definition objectives and significance of size
reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, Standard of powders, Sieves and their usage
in grading of powders, Laws governing energy and power requirements of a mill,
Classification of size reduction machines, Study of various types of mill including ball
mill, hammer mill fluid energy mill energy mill etc. Fluid classification methods.
Evaporation-Basic concepts, Factors affecting evaporation, Types of evaporators, Study
of short tubs evaporators, Forced circulation evaporators and Film evaporators, Single
and multiple effect evaporation, Evaporation under reduced pressure, Evaporation
capacity, Heat and material balance, Scale formation, Foam and entrainment.
Distillation- General theory applied to binary mixtures, Boiling point and equilibrium
diagrams, Raout’s Law and Henry’s Law, Constant boiling mixtures, Simple, steam and
Equilibrium distillations, Rectification, Constructions of rectifying columns. Analysis of
rectifying column: McCabe Thiel method and Lewis Sorel method for calculation of
number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillations.
Drying- Introduction, Theory of drying Rate of drying curves, Classification of dryers,
Study of dryers used in pharmaceutical industries, Special drying methods.
Extraction- Principles of solid-liquid and liquid- liquid extraction, Theories of extraction
of drugs, Diffusion battery, Podbielnaik extractor, Continuous counter- current
extraction system.
Crystallization-Importance of crystal purity, size, shape, geometry habit forms and
types, Solubility curves and calculation of yields, Mier,s supersaturation theory and its
limitations, Nucleation and crystal growth, Classification of crystallizers, Principles
underlying the design and operation of Tank, Swenson-walker, Krystal and Vacuum
crystallizer, Crystallizer employed for producing large crystals, Caking of crystals and its
prevention.
Mixing-Theory of mixing, Solid-solid; solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixers used in
pharmaceutical industries.
Filtration and Centrifugation- Theory of filtration, Factors affecting filtration, Filter
media, Filter aids, Classification of filters, Industrial filters including Filter press, Rotary
filter, Membrane filter etc.
Principles of centrifugation, Industrial filters and centrifugation sedimenters.
Compaction and Compression- Adhesion and Cohesion of particles, Strength of
granules, Factors affecting strength of tablets, Physics of tablet compression.
Pilot Plant Scale Up Techniques- Concepts of pilot plant, scale up techniques in
pharmaceutical industries.
Books recommended
1 Elementary Chemical Engineering - Max S. Peters, Published by McGraw Hill Book
Company, New York, 1954.
2 Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook - Robert H Perry, Green D.W., Maloney O.7th
Edition, 1998, McGraw – Hill Inc., New York.
3 Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper & Gunn, ed. S.J.Carter, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
Delhi, 6th Edition, 2000.
4. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th edition – McCabe, Smith & Harriott,
McGraw – Hill Inc., New York.
5 Pharmaceutical Engineering – K.Sambamurthy, 2002 NAI (P) Ltd., Delhi.
6 Pharmaceutics : The Science of Dosage Form Design - M.E. Aulton.
7 The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy – Lachman L., Lieberman H.A. &
Kanjig J.L., 3rd edition, 1990 Varghese Publishing House, Bombay.
8 Alfonso G. Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy. Vol.I & II. Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia.
9 Jani G. K., Pharmaceutics II (Unit Operations), B. S. Shah Prakashan, Ahmedabad.
10 Subramanyam C.V.S., Thimma J, Suresh S.S. et. al., Pharmaceutical Engineering :
Principles and Practice, 2002, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.
11 Introduction to Chemical Engineering by Walter L. Badger & Julius T. Banchero,
Mcgraw Hill International edition, New Delhi, 1955.
12 Filtration in Pharma. Industry by Theodore H. Meltzer, Marcel Dekker Inc.,
New York, 1987.
13. A. R. Paradkar, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nirali Prakashan, 10
th
Ed. 2007.
List of practicals
PY401 Pharmaceutics – IV (any twelve)
1. Study the effect of diameter of balls, No. of balls volume of balls or feed amount
on the particle size reduction wing ball mill.
2. Calculate the energy requirement (as per Riltinger’s law) for the powder milling.
3. Study the particle size distribution the given sample using standard sieve method.
4. Determine the particle size distribution of a given sample using microscopy.
5. Study the rate of sedimentation of the given sample.
6. Study the effect of suspending agents on the rate of sedimentation of the given
sample.
7. Compare the efficiency of different suspending agents on the rate of
sedimentation of the given sample.
8. Study the effect of temperature, surface area and viscosity of the liquid on the rate
of evaporation.
9. Construct the boiling point diagram for the given mixture of alcohol and water.
10. Separate the constituents of the given a zeotropic mixture by the addition of third
agent.
11. Study the rate of drying and determine EMC, CMC and FMC.
12. Study the effect of surface area, material bed thickness, temperature and moisture
content on the rate of drying.
13. Compare the efficiency of single stage extraction with multiple stage extraction.
14. Determine the percentage of acetic acid extracted from the mixture of benzene
and acetic acid using water as our extracting agent.
15. Prepare mier’s super solubility curve for the given samples.
16. Determine the percentage purity of the given sample using crystallization
technique.
17. Determine the mixing index for the mixing of give powders.
18. Determine the effect of surface area, thickness of filter medium, viscosity of
liquid, temperature and filter aid on the rate of filtration.
Pharmaceutics –V (Dosage Form Design) (PY- 402)
Pharmaceutical preformulation: -
Definition and scope,
Establishment and importance of following physicochemical parameters
Solubility, pKa and selection of suitable salt, partition coefficient, dissolution,
polymorphism, microscopy and powder properties, stability and drug-excipient
compatibility Pharmaceutical factors influencing drug formulation.
Study of different types of formulation additives:
Diluents, Binders, Disintegrating agents, Lubricants, Solvents, Co-solvents and Vehicles,
Preservatives, Suspending agents, Emulsifying agents, Antioxidants, Preservatives,
colouring, flavoring and sweetning agents, Viscosity enhancers, ointment and
suppositories bases
Polymers and biodegradable polymers:
Classification, Methods of synthesis, Properties, Characterization and evaluation.
Brief introduction of biodegradable polymers, pharmaceutical applications of polymers..
Dissolution stability and degradation study:
Chemical stability, pathways of degradation, physical and phase transformation, stability
testing protocols for various pharmaceutical dosage forms, determination of expiry date
(shelf life) and overage calculations, stabilization of pharmaceutical formulations.
Drug product design:
Stages of drug discovery and development process, Importance of product design,
considerations.
Dissolution technology:
Theories of dissolution, factors affecting dissolution, design of various dissolution
apparatus, dissolution media, dissolution testing of different types of dosage
formulations, data interpretation, mathematical models for predication of dissolution of
profile.
List of practicals:
(Any ten)
1. Establish the following preformulation parameters of the given drug sample.
(a) Melting point (b) solubility (c) intrinsic solubility (d) pKa (e) Partition coefficient
2. Establish the following preformulation parameters of the given drug sample.
(a) Particle size distribution (b) Flow proportion (c) Bulk deurity (d) Carr’s index (e)
Compression preparation.
3. Study the drug excipient compatibility of given drug with commonly used
excipent by TLC technique.
4. Estimate the self life of the given drug
5. Study the effect of mesture content on chemical stability of aspirin.
6. Study the effect of temperation on stability of given photosensitive drug.
7. Determine the molecular Mass of given polymer by viscometer.
8. Perform the in-vitro dissolution study of given the sample of tablet.
9. Study the effect of presence of surfactant in dissolution of tablet cantoning poorly
soluble drug.
10. Study the effect of solvent / co-solvent hydrotropic agents on solubility of given
drug.
11. Study the effect of pH of dissolution on in-vitro dissuasion study.
12. Compare the dissolution profile of two marketed tablet products.
References:
1. Swarbrick J., Boylan J.C., Encydopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Second
edition, Volume-1,2,3, Marcel Dekker, Inc. Newyork.
2. Qice yihong, ChenY, Zhang G.G.Z., Developing solid Oral dosage forms-
Pharmaceutical Theory and Practice charon Tech Ltd.
3. Allen L.V., Popovich N.G., Ansel H.C., Ansel’s Pharmaceutics design and drug
delivery systems, Eight edition, B.I. Publication Pvt. Ltd.
4. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics- The science of dosage form design” second edition.,
Churchill Livingstone Pvt. Ltd.
5. Banker G.S., Rhodes C.T., Modern Pharmaceutics” second edition, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., Newyork.
6. Kanig J.J., Liebermen H.A., Lachman L. “The theory and Practics of Industrial
Pharmacy, Varghese Publishing House, Bombay.
7. Rowe RC, Sheskey P.J., Owen S.C., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipents,
Fifth edition, Pharmaceutical Pr.
8. Bugay D.E., Findlay W.P., Pharmaceutical Excipents, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Newyork.
9. Kim C.J., Advanced Pharmaceutics- Physiochemical Principle CRC Press,
Florida.
10. Jan N.K., Pharmaceutical Product Development, CBS Publishers and distributors,
New Delhi.
11. Shah D.H., “SOP Guidelines”, Business Horizons Publishers, New Delhi.
12. Wachter A.H., Nash R.A., “Pharmaceutical Process validation, Marcel Dekker,
Inc. Newyork.
13. Mazzo D.J., “International stability Testing” Interpha Press, Inc. Illinois.
14. Gibaldi M., Perriner D., “Pharmacokinetics:, Marcel Dekker Newyork.
BRANCH: PHARMACY-IV SEMESTER
COURSE: PY 403 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (THEORY)
Fundamentals, Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, Different techniques of analysis.
Theoretical considerations and pharmaceutical applications; with special reference to Indian
pharmacopoeia; of the following analytical techniques -
1) Acid-Base titrations: Theoretical principles. Classification, Direct titration of strong acids, Strong
bases, and weak bases, Back titrations, Acid –Base indicators, Choice of indicators and mixed
indicators. Methods for determination of organically combined Nitrogen and in pharmaceutical
applications.
2) Oxidation-Reduction titrations: Concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, strengths &
equivalent weighs of oxidizing and reducing agents, redox indicators, potassium permanganate
titrations, iodometry & iodometry, 9£dcammonium sulphate titrations, potassium iodate titrations.
Pharmaceutical applications, preparation and standardization of redox titrants e.g. sodium thiosulphate
etc.
3) Precipitation titrations: Detection of End Points in Precipitation reactions. Indicators used in
Precipitation titrations, Preparation & standardization of titrants like silver nitrate, ammonium
thiocyanate; titrations according to Mohr's and Volhard's methods; ammonium and potassium
thiocyanate titrations; indicators; applications in pharmaceutical analysis
4) Gravimetric analysis: Fundamentals of gravimetry, Precipitation reagents precipitation techniques,
Specific examples of gravimetric estimation like Aluminum as hydroxy quinolate, Barium on Barium
Sulfate, Lead as Chromate and Magnesium as Magnesium Pyrophosphate.
5) Non-aqueous titrations: Scopes and limitations, Solvents used in non aqueous titrations. Acid-base
equilibria in non-aqueous media, Titration of weak acids and weak bases with specific examples given
in Indian Pharmacopoeia.
6) Complexometric titrations: Theory of Complexometric analysis. Factor in influencing stability of
complexes. pM indicators. Types of Disodium edetate titrations with suitable examples.
7) Conductometry: Ohm’s law and ionic conductivities, Apparatus used for conductimetric titrations.
Application of conductimetry in acid-base, Precipitation and complexometric titrations with suitable
examples.
8) Potentiometry: Theory and principles, Reference electrodes, Indicators electrodes and Ion selective
electrodes. Instrumentation for potentiometric titrations. Application of potentiometry for end point
determination in acid-base titration, redox titrations, precipitation titrations with suitable examples
9) Polarography & Amperometry: Introduction, theoretical principles, organic polarography, dropping
mercury electrode, basic principles of polarographic instruments, methods of analysis, experiments
including amperometric titrations.
10) Miscellaneous methods of analysis like diazotization titrations and Karl-fisher titrations.
List of Practicals:
A total of 15 experiments should be performed on the topics mentioned below
1. Acid base titrations: Preparation and standardization of acids and bases, some exercises related to
the determination of acids and bases separately and in mixture form. Some official assay procedures of
boric acid, ascorbic acid shall also be covered.
2. Oxidation-reduction titration: Preparation and standardization of some redox titrants, e.g.,
potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate etc. Some exercises
related to the determination of oxidizing and reducing agents in the sample shall be covered. Exercises
involving use of potassium iodate, potassium bromate, ceric ammonium sulphate shall be performed.
3. Precipitation titrations: Preparation and standardization of titrants like silver nitrate and ammonium
thiocyanate, titrations according to Mohr's and Volhard's methods.
4. Gravimetric analysis: Determination of water of hydration, some exercises related to Gravimetric
estimation of metal ions such as barium, magnesium and calcium shall he covered.
5. Diazotization reaction: Assay of sulphonamides.
6. Complexometric titration: Any two official assays done by this method.
7. Non-aqueous titrations: preparation and standardization of some non aqueous titrants, e.g.,
Perchloric acid, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide. Any two official assay given in Pharmacopoeia of
India.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake: Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol I and II, CBS Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi, India
2. H. H. Willard, L. L. Merritt and J. A. Dean: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand
Reinbold, New York.
3. L.M. Atherden: Bentley and Driver's Text book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxford
UniversityPress, Delhi.
4. G.L. Jenldns, J.E. Christian, G.P. Hager: Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGrawHill,
Company, New York.
5. Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, Delhi.
6. Bassett, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery, J. Mendham: Vogel's Textbook of quantitative Inorganic
Analysis, The ELBS and Longman, London.
Course Contents
Category of
Course
Course Title Course
Code
Credit-4C Theory Paper
(ES)
Pharmaceutical L T P
Chemistry-V
(Biochemistry) (Theory)
PY 404
4 0 3
Max.Marks-70
Duration-3hrs.
Branch: Pharmacy-IV Semester
Course: PY -404 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V (Biochemistry) Theory
Biochemical organization of the cell and transport processes across cell membrane.
The concept of free energy, determination of charges in free energy system from
equilibrium constant and reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its
biological significance.
Structure and Functions of Proteins:
Amino acids and Peptides, Determination of Primary structure and higher orders of
structure.
Enzymes:
Nomenclature, Kinetics ans its Mechanism of action, Mechanism of
Inhibition,Isoenzymes, enzymes in technical diagnosis.
Co-enzymes:
Metals as coenzymes and their significance and Vitamins as coenzymes and their
significance.
Carbohydrate Metabolism:
Conversion of Polysaccharide to Glucose 1-Phosphate, Glycolysis and Fermentation and
their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis, metabolism of galactose and
galactosemia, role of sugar nucleotide in biosynthesis, pentosephosphate pathway.
The Citric acid cycle:
The significance, reaction and energetics of cycle, amphibolic role of cycle, Glyoxalic
Acid Cycle.
Lipid Metabolism:
Oxidation of fatty acids, Beta Oxidation and energetic, alpha oxidation,omega oxidation,
Biosynthesis of Ketone bodies and their utilisation, Biosynthesis of saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids, phospholipids, sphingolipids.
Biological oxidation:
Redox Potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction and its
control. The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, energetic of
oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphyrlation,
mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.
Nitrogen & Sulphur Cycle:
Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, sulphur activation, sulphate reduction,
incorporation of sulphur in organic compounds, release of sulphur from organic
compounds
Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen Containing monomers:
Nitrogen balance, biosynthesis of amino acids, catabolism of amino acids, conversion of
amino acids to specialized products, assimilation of ammonia , urea cycle, metabolic
disorders of urea cycle, metabolism biosynthesis, formation of bile pigment,
hyperbilirubinemia, purine biosynthesis, purine nucleotide interconversion, pyrimidine
biosynthesis, and formation of deoxyribonucleotides.
Disorders of Carbohydrate, Lipid and Protein Metabolism:
Biomedical Importance and Implications in Clinical Biochemistry. Diagnostic tests for
detection of metabolic disorders.
Biosynthesis of nucleic Acids:
Brief introduction to genetic organisation, organisation of mammalian genome, alteration
and rearrangement of genetic material, biosynthesis of DNA and its replication, mutation,
physical and chemical mutagenesis/ carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism, biosynthesis
of RNA.
Genetic code and Protein synthesis:
Genetic code, Components of protein synthesis and inhibition of protein synthesis. Brief
account of genetic engineering and polymerase chain reactions. Regulation of gene
expression.
Course Contents
Category of
Course
Course Title Course
Code
Credit
Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V L T P
(Biochemistry) Practical
PY 404
4 0 3
Branch: Pharmacy IV Semester
Course: PY- 404 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-V(Biochemistry) Practical
PY-404 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V
(BIOCHEMISTRY) PRACTICAL
1. Qualitative and Quantitative chemical examination of Urine ,Blood and Faeces.
2. Food Analysis – Analysis of Milk ,Butter, Flour, Honey and Starch.
3. Systemic analysis of water for pharmaceutical purpose.
4. Seperation of amino acids by two dimensional paper chromatography and gel
electrophoresis.
5. Seperation of lipids by TLC.
6. Seperation of Serum protiens by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.
7. Quantitative estimation of amino acids and proteins.
8. Determination of glucose.
9. Isolation and determination of RNA and DNA.
Books Recommended
1. Martin, D.W., Mays, P.A. and Redwell, V.M., Harper’s Review of Biochemistry,
Lange medical Publication.
2. Horrow, B. and Mazur, A., Text book of biochemistry, W.B. Saunders Co.
Philadelphia.
3. Lehninger, A.L., Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors.
4. Lehninger, A.L., Biochemistry, Worth Publishers Inc.
5. Stryer, L., Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Co. San Franscisco.
6. Plumer, D.T., An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi.
7. Jayaraman, J., Laboratory manual in Biochemistry, Wiley eastern Ltd., New
Delhi.
Course Contents
Category of
Course
Course Title Course
Code
Credit-4C Theory Paper
(ES)
Pharmacology-I PY 405 L T P
4 0 0
Max.Marks-70
Duration-3hrs.
Branch: Pharmacy-IV Semester
Course: PY - 405 Pharmacology-I (Theory)
General Pharmacology
a. Introduction to pharmacology, sources of drugs, dosage forms and routes of
administration, mechanism of action, combined effects of drugs, factors
modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence, pharmacogenetics.
b. Absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs, principle of basic and clinical
pharmacokinetics adverse drug reactions and treatment of poisoning, ADME drug
interaction, bioassay of drugs and biological standardization, discovery and
development of new drugs. Introduction to clinical trials.
Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System
a. Neurohumoral transmission (autonomous and somatic)
b. Parasympathomimetic, parasympatholytic, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics,
neuron blocking agents.
c. Neuromuscular blocking agents
d. Local anaesthetic agents
Autocoids
a. Histamine, bradykinin 5- HT and their antagonists.
b. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factors.
Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-Gout Drugs:
Drugs acting on Respiratory System and Pathophysiology of respiratory system:
a. Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators
b. Anti-tussives and expectorants
Books Recommended
1. Satoskar, R.S. and Bhandarkar, S.D., Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
2. Tripathi, K.D., Essentials of Medical Pharmcology.
3. Kulkarni, S.K., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, New
Delhi.
4. Crossland, J and Thomson, J.H., Essential of Pharmacology, Harper and Row,
Publishers, New York.
5. Craig, C.R. and Stitzel, R.R., Modern Pharmacology, Little Brown and Company.
6. Rang, M.P. , Dale, M.M. and Riter, J.M., Pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone.
7. Paul, L., Principles of Pharmacology, Chamman and Hall.
8. Herfindal, E.T. and Hirschman, J.L., Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, William
and Wilkins.
9. Katzung, B.G., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice Hall International.
Course Contents
Category of
Course
Course Title Course
Code
Credit
Pharmacology-I PY 405 L T P
0 0 3
Branch: Pharmacy V Semester
Course: PY 405 Pharmacology-I - Practical
V-P-1 PHARMACOLOGY I PRACTICALS
List of practicals:
1. Introduction to Experimental Pharmacology and various regulatory authorities.
2. Study of common laboratory animals and anesthetics used in animal studies.
3. Study of various routes of drug administration in experimental animals.
4. Preparation of various physiological salt solution and set up of isolated rat ileum
preparation.
5. Study the effects of various agonists and antagonists on isolated rat ileum
preparation.
6. Plot dose response curve of choline using isolated gunea pig ileum preparation.
7. Plot dose response curve of histamine using isolated guinea pig ileum preparation.
8. Study the effect of autonomic drugs mydriatic and miotic on rabbit eye.
9. Study the effect of local anesthetics on rabbit eye.
10. Study the peripheral analgesic activity of indomethacin using writhing test on
mice.
11. Study anti- inflammatory activity of indomethacin using rat paw edema paradigm.
12. Study the neuromuscular effect of d-tubocurarine/ succinyl choline using rotarod
apparatus.
Books recommended
1. Hardmen, J.G., Limbired, L.E., Molinoss, P.B., Ruddon, R.W. and Gil, A.G.,
Goodman and Gillman’s The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics, Pergamon
Press.
2. Satoskar, R.S. and Bhandarkar, S.D., Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
3. Tripathi, K.D., Essentials of Medical Pharmcology.
4. Kulkarni, S.K., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, New
Delhi.
5. Crossland, J and Thomson, J.H., Essential of Pharmacology, Harper and Row,
Publishers, New York.
6. Craig, C.R. and Stitzel, R.R., Modern Pharmacology, Little Brown and Company.
7. Rang, M.P. , Dale, M.M. and Riter, J.M., Pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone.
8. Paul, L., Principles of Pharmacology, Chamman and Hall.
9. Herfindal, E.T. and Hirschman, J.L., Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, William
and Wilkins. Katzung, B.G., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice Hall
International.
Sunday, March 14, 2010
Sunday, January 24, 2010
DEFINITIONS OF DOSAGE FORMS
(Note: Dosage forms defined earlier are not defined here)
1. Applications: These are fluids or semi-fluid preparations intended for application to the skin.
2. Cachets: Cachets are moulded from rice paper, a material made by pouring a mixture of rice flour and water between two hot polished revolving cylinders; these are used to enclose the nauseous or disagreeable powders in tasteless powders for administration.
3. Collodions: These are fluid preparations for external use. These are applied with the help of a brush or rod. After application volatile solvent evaporates leaving flexible, protective film covering the site.
4. Draughts: Draughts are liquid oral preparations of which only one or two rather large doses of the order of 50ml are prescribed. Each dose is issued in separate container.
5. Dusting Powders: These are powders which are in a fine state of subdivision, for external applications.
They are not to be applied to the broken skin. Dusting powders are sterile powders.
6. Ear Drops: These are solutions of drugs that are instilled into the ear with a dropper.
7. Elixirs: These are clear liquids oral preparations of potent or nauseous drug. They are pleasantly flavoured and usually attractively coloured.
8. Emulsions: These are biphasic dispersed liquid dosage forms, in which two immiscible liquids are mixed with the help of emulsifying agent.
9. Enemas: An emulsion is solutions suspensions or oil in water emulsion of medicaments intended for rectal use.
10. Gargles: It is aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections. Usually they are dispensed in concentrated forms with directions for dilution with warm water before use.
11. Effervescent Granules: These are the mixture of citric acid and tartaric acid with sodium-bi –carbonate.
One or more Organoleptic agents are used. After addition of granules in to water bicarbonate reacts with bicarbonates and produces carbonic acid and preparation is taken during effervescence and immediately afterward.
12. Inhalations: There are liquid preparations of or containing volatile substance.
These are used to relieve conjection and inflammation of the respiratory tract infections.
13. Insufflations: These are medicated ducting powders that are blown by insufflators into regions such as the nose, throat, body cavities and the ear to which it would be difficult to apply the powder directly.
14. Irrigations: These are solutions of medicaments used to treat infections of the bladder, vaginal and less often the nose. Thin soft rubber tubes used for irrigation solutions administration are Catheter. (Bladder) A vulcanite or plastic pipe (Vagina), Special Glass Irrigator (nose).
15. Jellies (Gels): Jellies are transparent or translucent nongreasy semi-solid preparations mainly used externally.
16. Linctuses: These are viscous liquids, oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough. The dose in small and to ensure prolonged action, they should be sipped slowly and swallowed neat.
17. Liniments: These are fluid semi-solid or semi-fluid preparations intended for application to the skin. These are rubbed to affected area of skin for their counter irritant or stimulating effect but some are applied on a warm dressing or with a brush for analgesic and soothing effect. They should not be applied to broken skin.
18. Lotions: These are fluid preparations for external application without friction.
19. Lozenges (Troches): These are solid dosage forms consisting mainly of sugar and gum, the gum give hardness and cohesiveness and ensuring slow release of the medicaments. They are used to medicate the mouth and throat and for slow administration of the indigestion and cough remedies.
20. Mixtures: These are the most common form of liquid orals preparations usually with aqueous vehicle and the medicaments may be in solution or suspension.
21. Mouthwashes: These are similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth.
22. Nasal Drops: These are solutions of drugs that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. They are usually aqueous because oily drops inhibit movement of cilia in the nasal mucosa and long term use may cause Lipoidal Pneumonia.
23. Ointment: These are semi-solids, greasy preparations for external use to skin, rectum and nasal mucosa.
24. Paediatric Drops: Occasionally, the children’s dose of a preparation is very small and stability considerations preclude dilution to 5ml. Then the dose is prescribed as a fraction of ML and is given by a calibrated dropper.
25. Paints: These are liquids for application to the skin or mucosa usually with a soft brush. Skin paints often have a volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry or resinous film of medicament.
Throat pains are more viscous due to high concentration of Glycerines.
26. Pastes: These are semi-solid preparation of external application that differs from similar products in containing high proportion of finely powdered medicaments. The base may be anhydrous or water soluble. Heir stiffness makes them useful as protective coating.
27. Pastilles: Pastilles are solid medicated preparations intended to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They are softer than lozenges and their basis is either glycerol or acacia and sugar.
28. Pills: Pills are oral dosage forms that have largely been replaced by tablets and capsules. They are spherical or less often ovoid and usually Sugar-Coated.
29. Poultices: These are paste like preparations used externally to reduce inflammation because they retain heat well. After heating, the preparation is spread thickly on a dressing and applied, as hot as the patient can bear it to the affected area.
30. Powders: Powders may be defined as the fine particles which are result of communation or granulation of the dry substance.
A powder can be mixture of drugs or chemicals which are uniformly mixed together and presented in dry form. Powders are intended for Internal and External usages.
31. Solutions: These are used for many purposes. For some of these sterility is necessary e.g. Parenteral, Peritoneal dialysis and Anticoagulant solutions, Bladder irrigations and Dermatological solutions for application to broken skin. Non sterile solutions are used orally and externally.
32. Solution Tablets: These are compressed tablets that are dissolved in water to produce solution for application to the skin or mucosa. They are formed to dissolve quickly.
33. Sprays: Sprays are preparations of drugs in aqueous, alcoholic or glycerine containing media. They are applied to the mucosa of nose or throat with an atomizer or nebuliser.
34. Syrups: These are aqueous concentrated, sucrose solutions with or without one or medicaments.
Organoleptic agents are added in syrups.
35. Vitrellae: Are thin walled glass capsule containing a volatile ingredients and protected by absorbent cotton wool and an outer silk bag. For use, in angina pectoris, these capsules are crushed and the Vapours are inhaled.
36. Extracts: These are concentrated preparations containing the active principles of vegetable or animal drugs. The drugs are extracted with suitable solvents and the product is concentrated to liquid or dry or soft mass extracts.
37. Glycerines: These are solutions of medicaments in glycerol with or without addition of water.
38. Infusions: Fresh infusions made by extracting drugs for a short time with cold or boiling water are no longer used because they quickly deteriorate as a result of microbial contamination and therefore must be used within 12 hours of preparation.
39. Oxymels: As the name suggests these are preparations in which the vehicle is a mixture of acid (Acetic) and Honey.
40. Spirits: Spirits are alcoholic or Hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances. Most are used are flavouring agents but a few have medicinal values.
41. Tinctures: These are alcoholic preparations containing the active principles of vegetable drugs. They are relatively weak compared with extracts.
42. Aromatic waters: These are dilute usually saturated solutions of volatile oils or other volatile substances (Chloroform and Camphor, Menthol). They are mainly used as Flavouring agents and Carminatives.
1. Applications: These are fluids or semi-fluid preparations intended for application to the skin.
2. Cachets: Cachets are moulded from rice paper, a material made by pouring a mixture of rice flour and water between two hot polished revolving cylinders; these are used to enclose the nauseous or disagreeable powders in tasteless powders for administration.
3. Collodions: These are fluid preparations for external use. These are applied with the help of a brush or rod. After application volatile solvent evaporates leaving flexible, protective film covering the site.
4. Draughts: Draughts are liquid oral preparations of which only one or two rather large doses of the order of 50ml are prescribed. Each dose is issued in separate container.
5. Dusting Powders: These are powders which are in a fine state of subdivision, for external applications.
They are not to be applied to the broken skin. Dusting powders are sterile powders.
6. Ear Drops: These are solutions of drugs that are instilled into the ear with a dropper.
7. Elixirs: These are clear liquids oral preparations of potent or nauseous drug. They are pleasantly flavoured and usually attractively coloured.
8. Emulsions: These are biphasic dispersed liquid dosage forms, in which two immiscible liquids are mixed with the help of emulsifying agent.
9. Enemas: An emulsion is solutions suspensions or oil in water emulsion of medicaments intended for rectal use.
10. Gargles: It is aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections. Usually they are dispensed in concentrated forms with directions for dilution with warm water before use.
11. Effervescent Granules: These are the mixture of citric acid and tartaric acid with sodium-bi –carbonate.
One or more Organoleptic agents are used. After addition of granules in to water bicarbonate reacts with bicarbonates and produces carbonic acid and preparation is taken during effervescence and immediately afterward.
12. Inhalations: There are liquid preparations of or containing volatile substance.
These are used to relieve conjection and inflammation of the respiratory tract infections.
13. Insufflations: These are medicated ducting powders that are blown by insufflators into regions such as the nose, throat, body cavities and the ear to which it would be difficult to apply the powder directly.
14. Irrigations: These are solutions of medicaments used to treat infections of the bladder, vaginal and less often the nose. Thin soft rubber tubes used for irrigation solutions administration are Catheter. (Bladder) A vulcanite or plastic pipe (Vagina), Special Glass Irrigator (nose).
15. Jellies (Gels): Jellies are transparent or translucent nongreasy semi-solid preparations mainly used externally.
16. Linctuses: These are viscous liquids, oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough. The dose in small and to ensure prolonged action, they should be sipped slowly and swallowed neat.
17. Liniments: These are fluid semi-solid or semi-fluid preparations intended for application to the skin. These are rubbed to affected area of skin for their counter irritant or stimulating effect but some are applied on a warm dressing or with a brush for analgesic and soothing effect. They should not be applied to broken skin.
18. Lotions: These are fluid preparations for external application without friction.
19. Lozenges (Troches): These are solid dosage forms consisting mainly of sugar and gum, the gum give hardness and cohesiveness and ensuring slow release of the medicaments. They are used to medicate the mouth and throat and for slow administration of the indigestion and cough remedies.
20. Mixtures: These are the most common form of liquid orals preparations usually with aqueous vehicle and the medicaments may be in solution or suspension.
21. Mouthwashes: These are similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth.
22. Nasal Drops: These are solutions of drugs that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. They are usually aqueous because oily drops inhibit movement of cilia in the nasal mucosa and long term use may cause Lipoidal Pneumonia.
23. Ointment: These are semi-solids, greasy preparations for external use to skin, rectum and nasal mucosa.
24. Paediatric Drops: Occasionally, the children’s dose of a preparation is very small and stability considerations preclude dilution to 5ml. Then the dose is prescribed as a fraction of ML and is given by a calibrated dropper.
25. Paints: These are liquids for application to the skin or mucosa usually with a soft brush. Skin paints often have a volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry or resinous film of medicament.
Throat pains are more viscous due to high concentration of Glycerines.
26. Pastes: These are semi-solid preparation of external application that differs from similar products in containing high proportion of finely powdered medicaments. The base may be anhydrous or water soluble. Heir stiffness makes them useful as protective coating.
27. Pastilles: Pastilles are solid medicated preparations intended to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They are softer than lozenges and their basis is either glycerol or acacia and sugar.
28. Pills: Pills are oral dosage forms that have largely been replaced by tablets and capsules. They are spherical or less often ovoid and usually Sugar-Coated.
29. Poultices: These are paste like preparations used externally to reduce inflammation because they retain heat well. After heating, the preparation is spread thickly on a dressing and applied, as hot as the patient can bear it to the affected area.
30. Powders: Powders may be defined as the fine particles which are result of communation or granulation of the dry substance.
A powder can be mixture of drugs or chemicals which are uniformly mixed together and presented in dry form. Powders are intended for Internal and External usages.
31. Solutions: These are used for many purposes. For some of these sterility is necessary e.g. Parenteral, Peritoneal dialysis and Anticoagulant solutions, Bladder irrigations and Dermatological solutions for application to broken skin. Non sterile solutions are used orally and externally.
32. Solution Tablets: These are compressed tablets that are dissolved in water to produce solution for application to the skin or mucosa. They are formed to dissolve quickly.
33. Sprays: Sprays are preparations of drugs in aqueous, alcoholic or glycerine containing media. They are applied to the mucosa of nose or throat with an atomizer or nebuliser.
34. Syrups: These are aqueous concentrated, sucrose solutions with or without one or medicaments.
Organoleptic agents are added in syrups.
35. Vitrellae: Are thin walled glass capsule containing a volatile ingredients and protected by absorbent cotton wool and an outer silk bag. For use, in angina pectoris, these capsules are crushed and the Vapours are inhaled.
36. Extracts: These are concentrated preparations containing the active principles of vegetable or animal drugs. The drugs are extracted with suitable solvents and the product is concentrated to liquid or dry or soft mass extracts.
37. Glycerines: These are solutions of medicaments in glycerol with or without addition of water.
38. Infusions: Fresh infusions made by extracting drugs for a short time with cold or boiling water are no longer used because they quickly deteriorate as a result of microbial contamination and therefore must be used within 12 hours of preparation.
39. Oxymels: As the name suggests these are preparations in which the vehicle is a mixture of acid (Acetic) and Honey.
40. Spirits: Spirits are alcoholic or Hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances. Most are used are flavouring agents but a few have medicinal values.
41. Tinctures: These are alcoholic preparations containing the active principles of vegetable drugs. They are relatively weak compared with extracts.
42. Aromatic waters: These are dilute usually saturated solutions of volatile oils or other volatile substances (Chloroform and Camphor, Menthol). They are mainly used as Flavouring agents and Carminatives.
Ayurvedic medicines
CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS:
Ayurvedic medicines are all the medicines intended for internal or external use, for or in the diagnosis treatment, mitigation or prevention of disease or disorder in human beings or animal and manufactured exclusively in accordance with the formulae described in the authorative books of Ayurvedic Systems of medicine specified in the first schedule of the Drug and Cosmetic act 1940. Ayurvedic Drugs are obtained from the natural source that is from animal, plants and minerals. Ayurvedic Dosages forms are classified in to four groups depending upon their physical forms:
a) Solid Dosage Forms: Pills, Gutika, Vatika.
b) Semi-solid Dosage Forms: Avleha, Paka, Lepa, Ghrta.
c) Liquid Dosage Forms: Asava, Arista, Arista, Arka, Taila, Dravaka.
d) Powder Dosage Forms: Bhasma, Satva, Mandura, Pisti, Parpati, Lavana, Kshara, Churna.
Pharmaceutical aids like Binding agent, Flavouring agent, Sweetning agents, Colouring agents, Preservatives are commonly used in Ayurvedic Formulae.
1) Asava and Arista:
Asava and Arista are the medicinal preparations prepared by soaking the drugs in the powdered forms or in the form of their decoction, in a solution of sugar or jaggery as may have intended for a specific period of time.
2) Arka:
It is the liquid preparation obtained by distillation of certain liquids or curde – drugs soaked in water using the distillation unit, (Arkayantra)
3) Avleha or Leha and Paka:
Avleha or Leha is a Semi-solid preparations of drugs prepared by addition of sugar, jaggery or sugar candy and boiled with prescribed drug juice or decoction.
4) Kvatha Curna:
The coarse powder of crude drugs or the combination of drugs in powder form, kept ready for preparation of decoction (Kasaya) are known as Kvath Curna.
e.g.: Dasmula Kvath Curna, Rasanadi Kvath Curna.
5) Curna (Churna):
Fine powder of drug or drugs is known as Curna, Drugs mentioned in yoga are cleaned, properly, dried thoroughly, Pulversied and then sieved.
6) Dravaka:
The liquid preparations obtained from lavanas or ksharas are known as Dravakas. They are prepared by distillation process with or without addition of any fluids.
e.g.: Sankha Dravaka.
7) Ksaras:
Alakaline substances obtained from the ash of drugs are known as Ksaras. Drugs are cut in to small pieces and burnt to get ash. Ash is dissolved in water, stained again evaporated to get rid of water while salty solid obtained is known as Ksar.
e.g.: Yav Ksara, Palsa Ksara.
8) Lepa:
The preparations in the form of paste meant for external applications on the body are known as Lepa.
e.g.: Sinduradi Lepa, Pathyadi Lepa.
9) Vati or Gutika:
Medicaments in the form of Tablets or pills are known as vati or Gutika.
e.g.: Muktadi Mahanjana and Chandroday Vartti.
10) Netrabindu and Anjan
Netrabindu is made by dissolving the specified drugs in water or kasaya or honey and used as eye drops. Anjans are very fine powders of medicaments to be applied with netrasalaka.
e.g.: Muktadi Mahanjana and Chandroday Vartti.
11) Sattva:
Water extractable solid substances obtained from drugs are known as Sattva.
e.g.: Gulvel Sattva.
12) Pisti:
These are obtained by triturating the drug with the specified liquids and exposing to sun or moon light.
e.g.: Praval Pisti, Mukta Pisti.
13) Ghrta (Snehkalapa):
These are preparations in which ghee in boiled with the prescribed quantity of the decoction and fine paste of the drug as specified in the formula.
14) Taila (Oils):
Tailas are the preparations in which tailas (Fixed Oils) is boiled with specified becoction and fine paste of the drug as mentioned in the prescribed formula.
e.g.: Bhrangaraja Taila, Maha Narayan Taila.
15) Bhasma:
The powdered form of the substances, obtained by calcination of metals minerals or animal products by a special process in closed crucibles in pits covered with cow dung cake (Puta) is known as Bhasma.
e.g.: Godanti Bhasma, Lauha Bhasma.
16) Rasa-Yoga:
The Medicinal Preparations containing mineral drugs as their main ingredients in the form of powder or pills are known as Rasa Yoga.
e.g.: Kapura Rasa, Laghu Malini Vasant Rasa.
17) Kupipakva-Rasayana:
These are the drugs prepared as: The minerals and drugs of metallic origin in the powdered form are mixed together and placed in glass flask occupying about one third of volume. The glass flask is closed with clay smeared pieces of cloth around the bottle in seven consecutive layers. The flask is dried and buried in sand (Valukayantra) up to neck. The flask in Valukayantra is then heated gradually in three that is Mrdu-agni, Madyamgni and tiksnagni for specified period of time as mentioned in process. Then the red hot iron rod about 5cm in diameter is inserted in glass flask through the opening and stirred properly, do that opening of flask is not chocked due to the coating formed by sublimed Sulphur. When the process is over, the glass flask is cooled and broken to collect the content carefully without the contamination of any glass pieces therein.
e.g.: Makaradhvaja, Swarna sindura.
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
B. PHARMA-III SEMESTER REVISED SYLLABUS
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)
B. PHARMA-III SEMESTER
PHARMACEUTICS –III (PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING-I) PY- 301Unit operations and processes, Material and energy balances, Dimensionless equations:
formulas and groups.
1. Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction:
Factors affecting the material selection for pharmaceutical plants, Physical: Chemical,
Mechanical properties and use of the important materials of construction with special
reference to Ferrous metals, Copper, Aluminum, Nickel, Glass, Plastics and their alloys Heat
and Corrosion resistant alloys.
2. Corrosion and its Prevention:
General considerations, Types of Corrosion, Methods of reducing Corrosion, Simple
mathematical problems.
3. Industrial Hazards and Safety measures:
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Fire and Dust Hazards, Safety requirements, Legal
requirements, Industrial dermatitis.
4. Fluid Flow:
Fluid statics, Manometers, Types of flow, Reynold’s Number and its significance, Concept of
boundary layers, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Measurement of flow of – fluids,
Valves.
5. Material Handling Systems:
Liquid handling: Different types of pumps.
Solid handling: Conveyors
6. Heat Transfer:
Heat transfer mechanisms, Heat transfer by conduction, Fourier’s law, Natural and forced
convection, Surface and overall heat transfer coefficients, Heat transfer by radiation, Heaters and
heat exchangers.
7. Humidity, Air- Conditioning and Refrigeration:
Basic concepts and definitions of various terms, Psychometric charts, Wet bulb theory,
Measurement of humidity, Application of humidity measurement, air-conditioning and
refrigeration in Pharmacy.
8. Automated Process Control Systems:
Process variables, Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Level and Vacuum and their measurements.
Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Determine the corrosion rate of different materials
2. Determine the corrosion rate of the metal in different environments
3. Calibrate a venturimeter and interpret the energy losses graphically.
4. Determine the rate of heat transfer using different materials.
5. Calculate the humidity at different places using dry bulb and wet bulb temperature
method.
6. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of the given condenser
7. Determine the water vapour permeability across the given packaging material.
8. Determine the nature of flow of fluid and Reynolds Number by using Reynolds
apparatus.
9. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by orifice meter.
10. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by venturimeter.
11. Determine the pressure difference by simple and differential manometers.
12. Correlate falling factors and Reynolds Number using given pipe line assembly.
13. Determine the enlargement losses, contraction losses and friction losses in a fluid flowing
through a pipe.
14. Calculate the coefficient of discharge at orifice using orifice meter.
Books Recommended:
1. J.F.Richardson and J.M. Coulron: Chemical Engineering
2. Walter L. Badger and J.T. Banchero: Introduction to Chemical Engineering
3. Perry: Handbook of Chemical Engineering
4. Lauer & Heckmann: Chemical Engineering Techniques
5. Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering
6. S.J. Carter: Tutorial Pharmacy
7. N.D.Bhatt: Elementary Engineering Drawing.
8. McCabe W.L. and Smith J.C. Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering Mc Graw Hill
International Book Co., London.
9. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers, New Delhi
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & HEALTH EDUCATION- II (PY-302)
1. Digestive system:
Gross anatomy and histology of the gastrointestinal system, Functions of its different
parts, Oral cavity, Oesophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine,
large intestine.
Various gastrointestinal secretions, its regulation and their role in the absorption and
digestion of food.
Overview of Disorders of digestive system, dental caries disease, periodontal cirrhosis,
hepatitis, gallstones, anorexia, peptic ulcers, appendicitis, gastrointestinal tumors.
2. Central Nervous System:
Nevrohumoral transmission in the CNS
Organization of nervous systems. Histology and physiology of neurons.
Structure and function of brain and spinal cord, specialized function of cranial and spinal
nerves. Reflex action, Neurotransmitter in brain, Electroencephalogram.
Overview of CNS disorders : Parkinsorin’s disease, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis
multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, dyslexia, Trigeminal neuralgia, headache, Reyes syndrome,
Alzheimer’s Disease, Neuritis, Sciatica.
3. The sensory, motor and integrative systems.
4. Autonomic Nervous system:
Structure and physiology of Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic and
parasympathetic).
Visceral autonomic reflexes, control by higher centers
5. Urinary System:
Structure and functions of the kidney and urinary tract, Physiology of urine formation,
acid-base balance.
Overview of urinary system disorders : Gout, cystitis, nephrosis, Renal failure,
glomerulonephritis , Urinary tract infection.
6. Endocrine system:
Endocrine glands, chemistry of hormones, mechanism of hormonal action, control of
hormonal secretion (Feed back mechanism) Anatomy and physiology of Pituitary,
thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, Pineal, their hormones
and fuctions.
Overview of endocrine system disorders : Pituitary dwarfism, giantism, acromegaly,
diabetes insipidus, cretinism, myxedema, exophthalmic goiter, aldosteronism, Addison’s
disease, Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma , Diabetes mellitus.
7. Reproductive system:
Structure and function of made reproductive system testes, ductus epididymis vas
deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, gland, bulbourethral,
glands, penis, Hormones of male system and their regulation. Spermatogenesis, semen
Structure and function of female reproductive system, ovaries, uterine tubes, Vagina,
Vulva, mammary glands, Endocrine relations’ Menstrual and ovarian cycles Oogenesis,
coitus, Fertilization, pregnancy – its maintenance and parturition.
Overview of Reproductive system disorders : Sexually transmitted diseases, Gonorrhea,
Syphilis, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Prostatis impotence, infertility, Menstrual,
abnormalities (Amenorrhea, dysmenorrheal) Ovarian cysts, endometriosis, cervical
cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer.
8. Sense Organ:
Basic anatomy, Physiology of eye (Vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell) and
skin (superficial receptors).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. To study human digestive system with help of chart and models and study histology
of salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, Pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intentine.
2. To study human urinary system with help of chart and models study histology of
nephron, urinary bladder, Ureter.
3. To study male and female reproductive system with help of chart and models and study
histology of testes, ductus, epididymis, ovary, uterus, mammary glands.
4. To study brain and spinal cord with help of chart and models and study histology of
cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord.
5. To study structure and physiology of special senses.
6. To study structure and physiology of Eye.
7. To study structure and physiology of Ear.
8. To study structure and physiology of Skin.
9. To study structure and physiology of Taste buds.
10. To study structure and physiology of Nose.
11. To perform urine analysis for physiological (normal) constituent present in urine
sample
12. To study pathological (abnormal) constituent in the urine sample.
13. To perform quantitative test for presence of glucose in urine sample.
Books Recommended:
1. Gerard J. Tortora and Nicholas P. Anagnostakos; Principles of Anatomy and
physiology.Harper and Row publishers, New York.
2. Sujit K. Chaudhuri: Concise Medical Physiology.
3. Kathleen J.W., Wilson Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness
4. Arthur C. Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology.
5. Cyril A. Keele, Erie Neil, Norman Joels and Samson Wrights: Applied Physiology
6. Chatterjee, C.C, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, Calcutta.
7. Shalya, Subhas, Human Physiology CBS publisher Delhi.
8. Ross and Wilson, Human anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone London.
9. Chaurasia, B.D, Human anatomy, Regional and applied. , CBS publisher New Delhi
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY IV (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II) - PY-303
1. Photochemistry and Pericyclic reaction:
Theory-energy transfer-characteristics of photoreactions – typical photoreaction.
Electrocyclic reaction–sigmatropic rearrangement cycloaddition reactions. Neighboring
group effect, Catalysis by transition metal complexes.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry:
Nomenclature of Heterocycles:
Nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) for monocyclic (three, four, five, six and large
membered), fused and bridged heterocycles.
Aromatic and Non-aromatic Heterocycles:
General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural type),
Heteroaromatic reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic heterocycles, Strain–bond angle
and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring heterocycles
Synthesis, chemical reactivity and medicinal application of the following heterocycles
Three and four-membered heterocycles: Aziridines and azetidines
Five membered hetero cycles: Furan, thiophen, pyrrole, pyrazole, oxazole, imidazole,
triazole.
Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Heterocycles: Benzimidazole, benzthiazole and benztriazole.
Six-Membered Heterocycles with One, Two or More Heteroatoms: Pyridine and
Pyrimidine.
Fused heterocycles: Quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, coumarins.
3. Organic Compounds with functional group containing nitrogen
Structure, nomenclature of nitro and cyano compounds.
Nitro compounds: Important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions.
Cyanides and isocyanides: preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
4. Structure, Nomenclature and reactivity of Sulphur containing compounds
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Synthesis and Characterization of – Benzthiazole.
2. Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline.
3. Synthesis and Characterization of Benzimidazole.
4. Synthesis and Characterization of triazoles.
5. Synthesis and Characterization of pyrimidines.
6. Synthesis and Characterization of acridines.
7. Synthesis and Characterization of cuomarins.
8. Synthesis and Characterization of azipine.
9. Synthesis and Characterization of oxazole.
10. Synthesis and Characterization of picric acid.
11. Synthesis and Characterization of 3- nitro benzaldyhyde.
12. Synthesis and Characterization of 2 – mercapto oxadiazole.
13. Synthesis and Characterization of thiazolidinedione.
14. To perform the reduction of aromatic nitor group 2- amino group (Nitro benzene to
aniline, nitrobenzoic acid to amino benzoic acid, etc)
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry, J.A. Joule, K. Mills and G.F. Smith, Chapman and Hall.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry, T.L. Gilchrist, Longman Scietific Technical
4. Contemporay Heterocyclic Chemistry, G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler, Wiley-Inter
Science.
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3, R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Verlag
6. An introduction to the Heterocyclic Compounds, R.M. Acheson, John Wiley
7. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A.R. Katritzky and C.W. Rees, eds. Pergamon
8. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J.Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B.
9. Hobbs, D.V. Banthrope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
10. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, I.L. Finar, ELBS.
11. Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, M. Nogradi, VCH
12. Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry by J. J. Li. Wiley, 2005.
13. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin
14. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox and T. Camp, McGraw Hill
15. Photochemistry, R.P. Kundall and A. Gilbert, Thomson Nelson
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY - PY 304
1. Introduction to the Science of Microbiology:
Historical development, contribution of great scientists and scope of microbiology.
2. Microbiology Taxonomy: Classification of Bacteria and Viruses
3. Identification of Microbes:
• Working of different types of microscopes, electron microscopy, stains and types of
staining techniques.
• Structure and Morphology of bacteria and viruses.
• Nutritional requirements, Cultivation and isolation of bacteria and viruses.
4. Microbial genetics and variation.
5. Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:
a. Disinfection: factors influencing disinfection, dynamics of disinfection.
b. Disinfectants and antiseptics, and their evaluation
c. Sterilization: Different methods, Validation of sterilization methods and
equipments.
6. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products.
7. Infection and factors influencing infection: Immunity, Primary and Secondary defensive
mechanism of body, Microbial resistance, Interferon.
8. Microbial diseases: Brief outline of communicable diseases. Their causative agents,
Mode of transmission and prevention – Chicken pox, Measles, influenza, Diphtheria,
Whooping, cough, Tulberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Cholera, Typhoid, Food
poisoning, Helminthiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Rabies, Trachoma, Tetanus, Syphilis,
Gonorrhoea and AIDS.
9. Microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
10. Food spoilage and Preservation of food.
11. Sewage and Sewage disposal: Industrial Sewage, Sewage treatment methods, BOD,
COD etc.
LIST OF PRACTICALS
(All practicals are compulsory)
1. Study the motility of the given sample of microorganism by hanging drop technique.
2. Identify the given sample of organism by simple staining technique
3. Identify the given sample of organism by Gram staining technique
4. Identify the given sample of organism by negative staining.
5. Identify the bacteria by performing IMViC test.
6. Prepare various types of culture media (Nutrient broth, nutrient agar, fluid thioglycolate
media etc)
7. Prepare subculture of the given sample of microorganism by aseptic transfer technique.
8. Evaluate the given sample of disinfectant by R.W. Coefficient test.
9. Determine the sterility of the given sample by filtration method.
10. Determine the sterility of the given sample by direct inoculation method.
11. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by filter paper disc method.
12. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by cup plate method.
13. Assay the given sample of vitamin microbiologically.
.Books Recommended
1. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific publications,
Oxford London.
2. Malcolm Harris, Balliere Tindall and Cox: Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
3. Gilbert S.Banker and Christopher T. Rhodes: Modern Pharmaceutics.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Pelczar and Reid: Microbiology.
6. Dawson and Mirne: Immunological and Blood products.
7. Rose: Industrial Microbiology.
8. Prescot and Dunn: Industrial Microbiology.
9. Probisher, Hinsdill et al: Fundamentals of Microbiology, 9th ed. Japan
10. Cooper and Gunn’s: Tutorial Pharmacy
11. Peppler: Microbial Technology.
12. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.- latest editions
13. Edward: Fundamentals of Microbiology
14. N.K.Jain: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi
PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Theory) -PY 305
1. General methods of, isolations classification chemical properties and chemical tests and
systematic pharmacognostical studies of
a) Glycosides, and drugs belongs to this class: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea,
Sarasaparilla, Senega, Digitalis, Squill, Rhubarb, Cascara, Aloe, Senna, Psorelea, Gentian,
Saffron, Chirata, Quassia, Thevetia, Mustard, Picrorrhiza
b) Volatile oils and drugs belongs to this class: Dill, Fennel, Coriander, Caraway, Cassia
bark, Cinnamon bark, Clove, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Musk, Palmrosa, Gaultheria, Valerian, Black
Pepper, Lemon grass, Sandal wood Orange peel, Henna.
2. Enzymes, Biological sources, preparation, properties, identification tests and uses of Diastase,
Papain, Pepsin, Trypsin and Pancreatin.
3. Plant bitters and Sweetners.
4. Biological Source, identification characters chemical constituents and therapeutics uses of
traditional drugs like: Kantkari, Satavari, Guduchi, Punarnava, Chitrak, Apamarga, Gokhru,
Shankhpushpi, Adusa, Brahmi, Methi, Garlic Nagarmotha, Neem, Shilajit Kapur kachari, Acorus
5. The holistic concept of drug administration in Ayurvedic and Traditional system of medicine.
Introduction to preparations like Asava, Arishta, Tailas, Churnas, Lepas, Lehyas and Bhasmas
and their evaluation schemes.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Morphological identification of Senna pod, Squill Aloe, Senega
2. Morphological identification of Satavari, Guduchi, Apamarga Gokharu
3. Morphological identification of Nagarmotha, Neem, Garlic, Methi seed
4. Morphological identification of Nutmeg, Cardamom fruits and seeds.
5. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Senna leaf.
6. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Liquorice.
7. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Rhubarb.
8. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Dill & Fennel.
9. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Caraway & Coriander.
10. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Cinnamon bark & clove.
11. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drug by morphological,
microscopical & chemical evaluation of senna cinnamon Rhubarb Coriander.
12. General studies of marketed formulations.
Books Recommended:
1. C.K. Kokate, Gokhale and Purohit, A Text Book of Phamacognosy, Nirali Prakashan,
Pune
2. S.S. Handa and V.K. Kapoor, Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakash, Delhi
3. G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans, Pharmacognosy (India Reprint J. P. Publication, Delhi)
4. T.E.Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, C.B.S. Publication, Delhi
5. V.E. Tylor, L.R.Brady & J.E. Robbers, Lea & Febiger Philadelphia, U.S.A.
6. C.K.Atal and B.M. Kapoor, Cultivation & Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Council of
Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi
7. Medicinal Plant Glycosides – Sim, Toranto
8. C.S.Shah & J.S.Quadry, A Text Book of Pharmacognosy
B. PHARMA-III SEMESTER
PHARMACEUTICS –III (PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING-I) PY- 301Unit operations and processes, Material and energy balances, Dimensionless equations:
formulas and groups.
1. Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction:
Factors affecting the material selection for pharmaceutical plants, Physical: Chemical,
Mechanical properties and use of the important materials of construction with special
reference to Ferrous metals, Copper, Aluminum, Nickel, Glass, Plastics and their alloys Heat
and Corrosion resistant alloys.
2. Corrosion and its Prevention:
General considerations, Types of Corrosion, Methods of reducing Corrosion, Simple
mathematical problems.
3. Industrial Hazards and Safety measures:
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Fire and Dust Hazards, Safety requirements, Legal
requirements, Industrial dermatitis.
4. Fluid Flow:
Fluid statics, Manometers, Types of flow, Reynold’s Number and its significance, Concept of
boundary layers, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Measurement of flow of – fluids,
Valves.
5. Material Handling Systems:
Liquid handling: Different types of pumps.
Solid handling: Conveyors
6. Heat Transfer:
Heat transfer mechanisms, Heat transfer by conduction, Fourier’s law, Natural and forced
convection, Surface and overall heat transfer coefficients, Heat transfer by radiation, Heaters and
heat exchangers.
7. Humidity, Air- Conditioning and Refrigeration:
Basic concepts and definitions of various terms, Psychometric charts, Wet bulb theory,
Measurement of humidity, Application of humidity measurement, air-conditioning and
refrigeration in Pharmacy.
8. Automated Process Control Systems:
Process variables, Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Level and Vacuum and their measurements.
Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Determine the corrosion rate of different materials
2. Determine the corrosion rate of the metal in different environments
3. Calibrate a venturimeter and interpret the energy losses graphically.
4. Determine the rate of heat transfer using different materials.
5. Calculate the humidity at different places using dry bulb and wet bulb temperature
method.
6. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of the given condenser
7. Determine the water vapour permeability across the given packaging material.
8. Determine the nature of flow of fluid and Reynolds Number by using Reynolds
apparatus.
9. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by orifice meter.
10. Determine the rate of flow of the given fluid by venturimeter.
11. Determine the pressure difference by simple and differential manometers.
12. Correlate falling factors and Reynolds Number using given pipe line assembly.
13. Determine the enlargement losses, contraction losses and friction losses in a fluid flowing
through a pipe.
14. Calculate the coefficient of discharge at orifice using orifice meter.
Books Recommended:
1. J.F.Richardson and J.M. Coulron: Chemical Engineering
2. Walter L. Badger and J.T. Banchero: Introduction to Chemical Engineering
3. Perry: Handbook of Chemical Engineering
4. Lauer & Heckmann: Chemical Engineering Techniques
5. Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering
6. S.J. Carter: Tutorial Pharmacy
7. N.D.Bhatt: Elementary Engineering Drawing.
8. McCabe W.L. and Smith J.C. Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering Mc Graw Hill
International Book Co., London.
9. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers, New Delhi
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & HEALTH EDUCATION- II (PY-302)
1. Digestive system:
Gross anatomy and histology of the gastrointestinal system, Functions of its different
parts, Oral cavity, Oesophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine,
large intestine.
Various gastrointestinal secretions, its regulation and their role in the absorption and
digestion of food.
Overview of Disorders of digestive system, dental caries disease, periodontal cirrhosis,
hepatitis, gallstones, anorexia, peptic ulcers, appendicitis, gastrointestinal tumors.
2. Central Nervous System:
Nevrohumoral transmission in the CNS
Organization of nervous systems. Histology and physiology of neurons.
Structure and function of brain and spinal cord, specialized function of cranial and spinal
nerves. Reflex action, Neurotransmitter in brain, Electroencephalogram.
Overview of CNS disorders : Parkinsorin’s disease, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis
multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, dyslexia, Trigeminal neuralgia, headache, Reyes syndrome,
Alzheimer’s Disease, Neuritis, Sciatica.
3. The sensory, motor and integrative systems.
4. Autonomic Nervous system:
Structure and physiology of Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic and
parasympathetic).
Visceral autonomic reflexes, control by higher centers
5. Urinary System:
Structure and functions of the kidney and urinary tract, Physiology of urine formation,
acid-base balance.
Overview of urinary system disorders : Gout, cystitis, nephrosis, Renal failure,
glomerulonephritis , Urinary tract infection.
6. Endocrine system:
Endocrine glands, chemistry of hormones, mechanism of hormonal action, control of
hormonal secretion (Feed back mechanism) Anatomy and physiology of Pituitary,
thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, Pineal, their hormones
and fuctions.
Overview of endocrine system disorders : Pituitary dwarfism, giantism, acromegaly,
diabetes insipidus, cretinism, myxedema, exophthalmic goiter, aldosteronism, Addison’s
disease, Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma , Diabetes mellitus.
7. Reproductive system:
Structure and function of made reproductive system testes, ductus epididymis vas
deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, gland, bulbourethral,
glands, penis, Hormones of male system and their regulation. Spermatogenesis, semen
Structure and function of female reproductive system, ovaries, uterine tubes, Vagina,
Vulva, mammary glands, Endocrine relations’ Menstrual and ovarian cycles Oogenesis,
coitus, Fertilization, pregnancy – its maintenance and parturition.
Overview of Reproductive system disorders : Sexually transmitted diseases, Gonorrhea,
Syphilis, Genital herpes, Trichomoniasis, Prostatis impotence, infertility, Menstrual,
abnormalities (Amenorrhea, dysmenorrheal) Ovarian cysts, endometriosis, cervical
cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer.
8. Sense Organ:
Basic anatomy, Physiology of eye (Vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell) and
skin (superficial receptors).
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. To study human digestive system with help of chart and models and study histology
of salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, Pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intentine.
2. To study human urinary system with help of chart and models study histology of
nephron, urinary bladder, Ureter.
3. To study male and female reproductive system with help of chart and models and study
histology of testes, ductus, epididymis, ovary, uterus, mammary glands.
4. To study brain and spinal cord with help of chart and models and study histology of
cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord.
5. To study structure and physiology of special senses.
6. To study structure and physiology of Eye.
7. To study structure and physiology of Ear.
8. To study structure and physiology of Skin.
9. To study structure and physiology of Taste buds.
10. To study structure and physiology of Nose.
11. To perform urine analysis for physiological (normal) constituent present in urine
sample
12. To study pathological (abnormal) constituent in the urine sample.
13. To perform quantitative test for presence of glucose in urine sample.
Books Recommended:
1. Gerard J. Tortora and Nicholas P. Anagnostakos; Principles of Anatomy and
physiology.Harper and Row publishers, New York.
2. Sujit K. Chaudhuri: Concise Medical Physiology.
3. Kathleen J.W., Wilson Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness
4. Arthur C. Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology.
5. Cyril A. Keele, Erie Neil, Norman Joels and Samson Wrights: Applied Physiology
6. Chatterjee, C.C, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, Calcutta.
7. Shalya, Subhas, Human Physiology CBS publisher Delhi.
8. Ross and Wilson, Human anatomy and Physiology, Churchill Livingstone London.
9. Chaurasia, B.D, Human anatomy, Regional and applied. , CBS publisher New Delhi
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY IV (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II) - PY-303
1. Photochemistry and Pericyclic reaction:
Theory-energy transfer-characteristics of photoreactions – typical photoreaction.
Electrocyclic reaction–sigmatropic rearrangement cycloaddition reactions. Neighboring
group effect, Catalysis by transition metal complexes.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry:
Nomenclature of Heterocycles:
Nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) for monocyclic (three, four, five, six and large
membered), fused and bridged heterocycles.
Aromatic and Non-aromatic Heterocycles:
General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural type),
Heteroaromatic reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic heterocycles, Strain–bond angle
and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring heterocycles
Synthesis, chemical reactivity and medicinal application of the following heterocycles
Three and four-membered heterocycles: Aziridines and azetidines
Five membered hetero cycles: Furan, thiophen, pyrrole, pyrazole, oxazole, imidazole,
triazole.
Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Heterocycles: Benzimidazole, benzthiazole and benztriazole.
Six-Membered Heterocycles with One, Two or More Heteroatoms: Pyridine and
Pyrimidine.
Fused heterocycles: Quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, coumarins.
3. Organic Compounds with functional group containing nitrogen
Structure, nomenclature of nitro and cyano compounds.
Nitro compounds: Important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions.
Cyanides and isocyanides: preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
4. Structure, Nomenclature and reactivity of Sulphur containing compounds
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Synthesis and Characterization of – Benzthiazole.
2. Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline.
3. Synthesis and Characterization of Benzimidazole.
4. Synthesis and Characterization of triazoles.
5. Synthesis and Characterization of pyrimidines.
6. Synthesis and Characterization of acridines.
7. Synthesis and Characterization of cuomarins.
8. Synthesis and Characterization of azipine.
9. Synthesis and Characterization of oxazole.
10. Synthesis and Characterization of picric acid.
11. Synthesis and Characterization of 3- nitro benzaldyhyde.
12. Synthesis and Characterization of 2 – mercapto oxadiazole.
13. Synthesis and Characterization of thiazolidinedione.
14. To perform the reduction of aromatic nitor group 2- amino group (Nitro benzene to
aniline, nitrobenzoic acid to amino benzoic acid, etc)
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme.
2. Heterocyclic Chemistry, J.A. Joule, K. Mills and G.F. Smith, Chapman and Hall.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry, T.L. Gilchrist, Longman Scietific Technical
4. Contemporay Heterocyclic Chemistry, G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler, Wiley-Inter
Science.
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3, R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Verlag
6. An introduction to the Heterocyclic Compounds, R.M. Acheson, John Wiley
7. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A.R. Katritzky and C.W. Rees, eds. Pergamon
8. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J.Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B.
9. Hobbs, D.V. Banthrope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
10. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, I.L. Finar, ELBS.
11. Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, M. Nogradi, VCH
12. Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry by J. J. Li. Wiley, 2005.
13. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin
14. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox and T. Camp, McGraw Hill
15. Photochemistry, R.P. Kundall and A. Gilbert, Thomson Nelson
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY - PY 304
1. Introduction to the Science of Microbiology:
Historical development, contribution of great scientists and scope of microbiology.
2. Microbiology Taxonomy: Classification of Bacteria and Viruses
3. Identification of Microbes:
• Working of different types of microscopes, electron microscopy, stains and types of
staining techniques.
• Structure and Morphology of bacteria and viruses.
• Nutritional requirements, Cultivation and isolation of bacteria and viruses.
4. Microbial genetics and variation.
5. Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:
a. Disinfection: factors influencing disinfection, dynamics of disinfection.
b. Disinfectants and antiseptics, and their evaluation
c. Sterilization: Different methods, Validation of sterilization methods and
equipments.
6. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products.
7. Infection and factors influencing infection: Immunity, Primary and Secondary defensive
mechanism of body, Microbial resistance, Interferon.
8. Microbial diseases: Brief outline of communicable diseases. Their causative agents,
Mode of transmission and prevention – Chicken pox, Measles, influenza, Diphtheria,
Whooping, cough, Tulberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis, Cholera, Typhoid, Food
poisoning, Helminthiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Rabies, Trachoma, Tetanus, Syphilis,
Gonorrhoea and AIDS.
9. Microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins.
10. Food spoilage and Preservation of food.
11. Sewage and Sewage disposal: Industrial Sewage, Sewage treatment methods, BOD,
COD etc.
LIST OF PRACTICALS
(All practicals are compulsory)
1. Study the motility of the given sample of microorganism by hanging drop technique.
2. Identify the given sample of organism by simple staining technique
3. Identify the given sample of organism by Gram staining technique
4. Identify the given sample of organism by negative staining.
5. Identify the bacteria by performing IMViC test.
6. Prepare various types of culture media (Nutrient broth, nutrient agar, fluid thioglycolate
media etc)
7. Prepare subculture of the given sample of microorganism by aseptic transfer technique.
8. Evaluate the given sample of disinfectant by R.W. Coefficient test.
9. Determine the sterility of the given sample by filtration method.
10. Determine the sterility of the given sample by direct inoculation method.
11. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by filter paper disc method.
12. Evaluate the given sample of an antibiotic microbiologically by cup plate method.
13. Assay the given sample of vitamin microbiologically.
.Books Recommended
1. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific publications,
Oxford London.
2. Malcolm Harris, Balliere Tindall and Cox: Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
3. Gilbert S.Banker and Christopher T. Rhodes: Modern Pharmaceutics.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
5. Pelczar and Reid: Microbiology.
6. Dawson and Mirne: Immunological and Blood products.
7. Rose: Industrial Microbiology.
8. Prescot and Dunn: Industrial Microbiology.
9. Probisher, Hinsdill et al: Fundamentals of Microbiology, 9th ed. Japan
10. Cooper and Gunn’s: Tutorial Pharmacy
11. Peppler: Microbial Technology.
12. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.- latest editions
13. Edward: Fundamentals of Microbiology
14. N.K.Jain: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi
PHARMACOGNOSY-II (Theory) -PY 305
1. General methods of, isolations classification chemical properties and chemical tests and
systematic pharmacognostical studies of
a) Glycosides, and drugs belongs to this class: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea,
Sarasaparilla, Senega, Digitalis, Squill, Rhubarb, Cascara, Aloe, Senna, Psorelea, Gentian,
Saffron, Chirata, Quassia, Thevetia, Mustard, Picrorrhiza
b) Volatile oils and drugs belongs to this class: Dill, Fennel, Coriander, Caraway, Cassia
bark, Cinnamon bark, Clove, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Musk, Palmrosa, Gaultheria, Valerian, Black
Pepper, Lemon grass, Sandal wood Orange peel, Henna.
2. Enzymes, Biological sources, preparation, properties, identification tests and uses of Diastase,
Papain, Pepsin, Trypsin and Pancreatin.
3. Plant bitters and Sweetners.
4. Biological Source, identification characters chemical constituents and therapeutics uses of
traditional drugs like: Kantkari, Satavari, Guduchi, Punarnava, Chitrak, Apamarga, Gokhru,
Shankhpushpi, Adusa, Brahmi, Methi, Garlic Nagarmotha, Neem, Shilajit Kapur kachari, Acorus
5. The holistic concept of drug administration in Ayurvedic and Traditional system of medicine.
Introduction to preparations like Asava, Arishta, Tailas, Churnas, Lepas, Lehyas and Bhasmas
and their evaluation schemes.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Morphological identification of Senna pod, Squill Aloe, Senega
2. Morphological identification of Satavari, Guduchi, Apamarga Gokharu
3. Morphological identification of Nagarmotha, Neem, Garlic, Methi seed
4. Morphological identification of Nutmeg, Cardamom fruits and seeds.
5. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Senna leaf.
6. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Liquorice.
7. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Rhubarb.
8. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Dill & Fennel.
9. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Caraway & Coriander.
10. Morphological and Microscopical identification of Cinnamon bark & clove.
11. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drug by morphological,
microscopical & chemical evaluation of senna cinnamon Rhubarb Coriander.
12. General studies of marketed formulations.
Books Recommended:
1. C.K. Kokate, Gokhale and Purohit, A Text Book of Phamacognosy, Nirali Prakashan,
Pune
2. S.S. Handa and V.K. Kapoor, Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakash, Delhi
3. G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans, Pharmacognosy (India Reprint J. P. Publication, Delhi)
4. T.E.Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, C.B.S. Publication, Delhi
5. V.E. Tylor, L.R.Brady & J.E. Robbers, Lea & Febiger Philadelphia, U.S.A.
6. C.K.Atal and B.M. Kapoor, Cultivation & Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Council of
Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi
7. Medicinal Plant Glycosides – Sim, Toranto
8. C.S.Shah & J.S.Quadry, A Text Book of Pharmacognosy
Tuesday, July 21, 2009
Forever Friends
Sometimes in life,
you find a special friend;
Someone who changes your life
just by being part of it.
Someone who makes you laugh
until you can't stop;
Someone who makes you believe
that there really is good in the world.
Someone who convinces you
that there really is an unlocked doorjust
waiting for you to open it.
Wednesday, July 15, 2009
KNOWLEDGE
A man of knowledge increage the strength
Brain power is better then muscle power
Dress does not give knowledge
Knowledge is better then wealth
You have to look after wealth knowledge looks after you
Knowledge is the body of culture,
Under standing is its soul
Profit is inherited, knowledge is not
Some knowledge comes from the head and some come from the heart
A man of knowledge increage the strength
Brain power is better then muscle power
Dress does not give knowledge
Knowledge is better then wealth
You have to look after wealth knowledge looks after you
Knowledge is the body of culture,
Under standing is its soul
Profit is inherited, knowledge is not
Some knowledge comes from the head and some come from the heart
Sunday, July 12, 2009
FRIENDSHIP
"What is a friend? A single soul, dwelling in two bodies" - AristotleTrue friendship is perhaps the only relation that survives the trials and tribulations of time and remains unconditional.
A unique blend of affection, loyalty, love, respect, trust and loads of fun is perhaps what describes the true meaning of friendship. Similar interests, mutual respect and strong attachment with each other are what friends share between each other.
These are just the general traits of a friendship. To experience what is friendship, one must have true friends, who are indeed rare treasure.
Friendship is a feeling of comfort and emotional safety with a person. It is when you do not have to weigh your thoughts and measure words, before keeping it forth before your friend. It is when someone knows you better than yourself and assures to be your side in every emotional crisis.
It is when you can sleep fighting and get another morning with a better understanding. Friendship is much beyond roaming together and sharing good moments, it is when someone comes to rescue you from the worst phase of life. Friendship is eternal. Different people have different definitions of friendship. For some, it is the trust in an individual that he / she won't hurt you. For others, it is unconditional love.
There are some who feel that friendship is companionship. People form definitions based on the kind of experiences they have had. This is one relation that has been nurtured since time immemorial. There are famous stories about friends in mythologies of different religions all over the world. They say a person who has found a faithful friend has found a priceless treasure. Psychologically speaking, friendship may be defined as 'a dynamic, mutual relationship between two individuals.
As children become friends, they negotiate boundaries within which both partners function'. This helps them to function like healthy individuals in life as they learn to draw a line as and when needed in a relation. This greatly helps in the emotional development of an individual.
However, any relation needs constant nurturing and development from all the people that are involved in one. Friendship cannot survive if one person makes all the effort to sustain it without any mutual recognition from others. Since friendship starts the moment a child starts socializing, the kind of friends that the child chooses should be taken care of till the time he / she learns to differentiate between right and wrong. Wrong peers or lack of socializing can lead to severe psychological traumas and disorders, finally leading to social maladjustment. The correct peer group is essential for the development of the personality of a child.
Both positive and negative experiences refine the personality of the individual.
Thus it is essential that you find friends who are compatible with you on an emotional and psychological basis.
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